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But strew his ashes to the ivind, 

Whose szvord or voice has served mankind, 

And is he dead, zchose plorious mind 

Lifts him on high? 
Jo live in hearts zve leave h hind, 

Is not to die. 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 



A NUMBER of letters and material have been re= 
ceived of a genealogical nature, with requests to in- 
corporate the same into this work. It is to be re- 
gretted that this cannot be done, as the object of this 
work is simph' to preserve and perpetuate the names | 
and biographical history of the most notable mem- 
bers of this famil_v name. 

The preservation of such a record cannot fail to 
prove invaluable and a source of pride and interest 
not only to persons of the name but to the world in 
general ; and this book may prove the foundation upon 
which a monumental work mav be constructed. 




m^m 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY 

OF THE 

nsr jPl IXC z: 

OF 

T\aTH 

BIOGRAPHIES OF ALL THE MOST NOTED 
PERSONS OF THAT NAME. 



AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF 
SURNAMES AND FORENAAIES. 

TOGETHER WITH 

OVER FIVE HUNDRED CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN 

AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 



Cbc Crescent family Record. 



"To lire in hearts we leave behind is not to die.'''' 



CHICAGO, ILL.: 

AMERICAN publishers' ASSOCIATION. 



6 1 u. :. k 






V 



K 



li 



/ 



COIS^TENTS. 



Frontispiece. Vase of Flowers. 

Introduction, 

Illustration, Coats-of-Arms. 

Origin and Tlistor^^ of the Family Name, 

The First of the Name in America, 

Principal Branches of the Family, . . . _ 

Historical and Biographical, 33 

Origin of the Surname, - - - - - - 49 

Origin of the Forename, 81 

Genealogy, 93 

Heraldry, ------... 94 

Illustration of Camp-Fire Chats, - - - - 98 

Patriotic Societies of the United States, - - 99 
Forenames of Alen and Their Significance, - - 103 
Forenames of Women and Their Significance, - 109 
The Crescent Familv Records, --••-. 113 



INTRODU CTION. 



NOW that we all have surnames, we are apt to for- 
get that it was not alwa^-s so. We cannot eas- 
il\^ realize the time when John, Thomas and Andrew, 
Mary and Abigail, ^vere each satisfied with a single 
name, nor reflect that the use of two is not a refine- 
ment dating from an obscure and unknown antiquity, 
but quite within the reach of record and history. 

Every name, no doubt, originally had a meaning, 
or was at first assumed or imposed from its real or 
supposed fitness, from some accidental circumstance, 
or from mere caprice. Each individual is distinguished 
from his fellows by his name. But for this system his- 
tor}^ and biograph3^ could scarcely exist. 

Our proper name is our individuality; in our own 
thoughts and in tlic thf)ughts of those who know us, 
they cannot be separated. Our names are uttered, 
and at once, whether in connection with blame or 
praise, with threat or entreaty, with hatred or love, 
v^^e ourselves are affected by the ideas and feelings 
expressed. A few tritiing words, in no way meant to 
appl3^ to the man they describe, suffice to awaken the 
recollection of that man, his physical peculiarities, his 
moral character, and the most remarkable acts and 
events of his life; a few s\'llal)les will cause the tear 
to start afresh from the mother's eye, after years of 
consolation and resignation to her loss; they will sum- 
mon the tell-tale blush to the maiden's cheek, and she 
immediately thinks her secret is discovered; they will 
make a lover's heart beat more rapidly; rekindle the 
angry glance in an enemy's eye; and in a friend sep- 
arated from his friend, will renew all his past regrets 
and his fondest hopes. None the less rapidly do our 
thoughts connect a name with the idea of the thing to 



ii INTRODUCTION. 

which it belongs, be it land of birth, country, town, 
river, road, valley or hill. Dislike, desire, recollection of 
pain or pleasure, admiration, jealousy, kind feelings, 
national hatreds and love of country, one and all may 
be evoked by a single \vord, because the word repre- 
sents to us the ver3^ object which has created those 
emotions within us. Every person, even the most in- 
curious observer of words and things, must have re- 
marked the great varietj^ that exists in the names of 
families. He cannot fail to notice that such names are 
of ^videly different significations, many being identical 
with names of places, offices, professions, trades, qual- 
ities, familiar natural objects and other things. There 
is probably no person capable of the least degree of re- 
flection who has not often, in idle moments, amused 
himself v^dth some little speculation on the probable 
origin of his own name. It is not sufficient for a per- 
son of inquisitive mind that he bears such and such a 
surname because his father and his grandfather bore 
it; he will naturally feel desirous of know^ing why and 
when their ancestors acquired it. 

What \vould the annals of mankind and the rec- 
ords of biography be if people had never borne any 
proper names? It would be a mere chaos of unde- 
fined incidents and an unintelligible mass of facts, \vith- 
out symmetry or beaut3^, and \vithout any interest at 
all for after ages. Indeed, \vithout names, mankind 
v^^ould have wanted what is perhaps the greatest stim- 
ulous of \vhich the mind is susceptible — the love of 
fame; and consequently, many of the mightiest achieve- 
ments in ever3^ department of human endeavor would 
have been lost to the world. 

Man}^ of our ancient and modern institutions are 
intimately connected with the meaning and continued 
existence of proper names. It has been well said that 
hereditary names perpetuate the memory of ancestors 



INTRODUCTION. in 

better than any other monument, an affectionate re- 
membrance this, surely, and one which fosters the cause 
of moraHty; they teach, or at an3^ rate remind sons of 
their duty to be worthy of their ancestors. 

Though its importance be felt in all phases of our 
social life, the origin of proper names does not essen- 
tially belong to a civilized condition. Undoubtedly it 
is intimately connected with the gift of speech. A man 
must call his children by a distinctive appellation, either 
w^hcn he speaks to them or when he speaks of them in 
their absence, and when a gesture and an inflection of 
the voice are not sufficient to indicate his meaning. 
The distinctive title which he uses can only be a name 
exclusive^ applicable to the individual meant; on the 
other hand, the father will recognize the name given to 
him by his children. Again, the domestic animal, man's 
intelligent companion in his field sports, and the watch- 
ful guardian of his dwelling; the brook that runs be- 
neath his home; the tree that shelters or the forest that 
conceals it; the hill or the vale near which it lies, will 
soon be named by those who wish to distinguish them 
from similar objects around. If other men come to live 
near the first famih', they will receive a name and give 
one in return. 

However simple these names be at first, so simple 
that they express nothing be\'ond the degree of rela- 
tionship between father and mother and children, and 
the order of their birth in the case of the last; be they 
mere substantives used to point out more specially the 
dwelling and all that surrounds it; as the hut, the tree, 
or the brook — or even supposing that in the common 
intercourse which may exist between one family and its 
neighbor the only distinctive terms employed are we 
and thej', and further, that sun, fire, destruction, or 
thunder, designate the beneficent or angry deity — still 
the system of proper names alread^^ exists in embryo, 



IV INTRODUCTION. 

and is read\' to be further developed, even to the high- 
est degree of importance and intricacy, in proportion 
as the social principle itself becomes more extended and 
more complicated in its constitution. 

Add new members to the family; collect several fam- 
ilies together and form them into one tribe; place a 
number of tribes holding friendly relations with one 
another in a less limited tract of land; then will the 
spot occupied by each tribe, every village or cluster of 
inhabitants belonging to the same tribe, qx&yj hill and 
thicket and brook— in a word, the land and the gath- 
ering of men upon it assume proper names, just as the 
tribes had already done before, and the families and 
the individuals that constituted them. 

From this outline of the first elements of social 
life, let us remove, in thought, for a moment, and place 
ourselves in the heart of civilized existence. The names 
of lands and dwellings have changed into the designa- 
tions of powerful states and magnificent cities; names 
which will be familiar for centuries after the grass has 
grown over and hidden even the ruins of their palaces 
and their fortresses and obliterated the very traces of 
their existence, and after political or naturally induced 
revolutions have depopulated, divided and totally dis- 
membered the provinces of mighty empires. Here the 
names of men distinguish the individual members of a 
great social body, magistrates, princes, chiefs of the 
great civil and poUtical whole; and among these names, 
all of them less or more important at present, there 
are some which hereafter shall be handed down to his- 
tory as a rich inheritance, an object of envy to the am- 
bitious, and a pattern of conduct to the wise. 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 33 



THE NAME OF TAYLOR. 

The name of Taylor is derived from the well-known trade- 
sartor. Many families with common and plebean names have 
endeavored to give them a more distinguished character, by 
altering the orthography, as, Tayleure, for Taylor. 

The commonness of the occupation has led to the frequency 
of the surname, which according to the Sixteenth Report of 
the Reg. Gen. of 1856, stands fourth in the list of the most 
common family names in England and Wales, giving prece- 
dence only to Smith, Jones and Williams. 
THE FIRST OF THE NAME OF TAYLOR IN AMERICA. 

Edward Taylor was one of the first settlers in New England. 
He was a proprietor ; and settled in Reading in 1647. He was 
also a town officer. 

George Taylor, who settled in Lynn, ]\Iass., came in the 
Truelove in 1635. He was a proprietor. 

John Cambridge Taylor bequeathed all his property to his 
wife ; who bequeathed all to her grandchildren, John and 
Joseph Taylor. 

Richard Taylor was a town officer and juror of Yarmouth ; 
and William Taylor was a carpenter and covenant servant 
of Plymouth. 

William Taj'lor settled at Concord in 1649. He had six 
children, Samuel, John, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. 

James Taylor settled in Concord when he came to New 
England. His sons were Henry, Samuel and Thomas. 

Richard Taylor settled in Boston, Mass., in 1642. 

Samuel Taylor was an early resident of Ipswich, Mass., in 
1648, and was a member of the tow^n committee. 

Thomas Taylor settled in Salem, Mass., in 1636. 

Thomas Taylor was a planter of Watertown, Mass. ; and also 
a proprietor in 1642. 

Henry Taylor was a settler of Barnstable, Mass. He had 
one son Jonathan. 

COATS-OF-ARMS OF THE TAYLOR FAMILY. 

Arms: Gules, three infants' heads argent, crined or. 

Crest: A fleur-de-lis or, between two wings expanded 
azure. 

THE TAYLORS IN AMERICA. 

A thorough perusal of the following life sketches of noted 
Taylors, eminent in all walks of life, will reveal the fact 
that the Taylors have been actively and intimately associated 



34 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

with the ecclesiastical, civil, industrial and commercial affairs 
of America ; and to become conversant -with their history will 
naturally create in our children a source of pride in the name 
of Taylor heretofore unappreciated. 

As builders and merchants they have built cities and illu- 
mined the marts of trade ; in the field of science and medicine 
they have obtained great prominence; in the arena of states- 
manship they have produced men of thought and men of 
action ; while at the bar and in the administration of justice 
they have shown erudition and wisdom. As clergymen, edu- 
cators and lecturers they have occupied high places; as musi- 
cians, composers and artists they have contributed profusely 
to social life; and as authors and poets they are worthy to 
be crowned with a laurel wreath of fame. Also as heroes of 
colonial. Revolutionary and later wars they have rendered 
patriotic service, each one of whom has added luster to the 
name of Taylor. 

TAYLOR, A. B., banker. He is president Fruit Growers 
Bank of Saugatuck, Mich. ; and is prominent in the financial 
and public atf airs of his city, county and state. 

TAYLOR, ABNER, merchant, congressman, was born in 
1829, in Bangor, Maine. He was a member of the Illinois state 
legislature for one term. He was elected to the fifty-first and 
fifty-second congresses as a republican. 

TAYLOR, ALBERT BRAY, banker, was born April 5, 
1862,- in Bangor, Maine. He is cashier of the Veazie National 
Bank of Bangor, Maine ; and prominent in the financial and 
business affairs of his city. 

TAYLOR, ALBERT ]\IILES, physician, surgeon, was born 
Dec7 21, 1858, on the border line of Kentucky and Tennessee. 
In 1879 he graduated from the Missouri Medical College ; and 
subsequently took advanced courses in New York and Europe. 
In connection with the Taylor Sanitorum, which he founded 
in Oakland, Cal., he achieved signal success. For many years 
he has filled the professorship of gyneacology in the post- 
graduate department of the University of California. He is 
prominent in the medical circles of San Francisco; and has 
also held high positions in Masonic bodies. 

TAYLOR, ALBERT REYNOLDS, educator, college presi- 
dent, author, son of John and Mary A. Taylor, was born Oct. 
16, 1846, near Magnolia, 111. He received his education in 
the public schools, the Wenona seminary, the Illinois State 
Normal university, Knox college; and in 1872 graduated from 
the Lincoln university^ Illinois, in which latter institution he 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 35 

was professor of natural science for ten years. He was presi- 
dent of the State Normal school of Kansas from 1882 to 1901. 
In the latter year he accepted the presidency of the James 
Millikin university at Decatur and Lincoln, 111. He is the 
author of The Church at Work in the Sunday School; The 
Study of the Child ; Among Ourselves ; A School-Master With 
His Friends at the Round Table ; Civil Government in Kansas ; 
and other works ; has contributed extensively to periodical 
literature; and is a successful lecturer on educational and 
popular themes. 

TAYLOR, ALEXANDER WILSON, lawyer, state legis- 
lator, congressman, was born March 22, 1815, in Indiana 
county. Pa. He was a member of the Pennsylvania legisla- 
ture in 1859-60. He was elected to the forty-third congress. 

TAYLOR, ALFRED, clergyman, author, was born in 1831 
in Philadelphia, Pa. He is a Presl)ytei-ian clergyman of Phila- 
delphia. He is the author of Peeps at Our Sunday Schools; 
Sunday School Photographs ; and Hints about Sunday School 
Work. 

TAYLOR, ALFRED ALEXANDER, lawyer, congressman, 
was born in 1849 near p]lizalethton, Tenn. He was elected 
to the Tennessee legislature in 1875. He w^as elected to the 
fifty-first, fifty-second and fifty-third congresses as a repub- 
lican. 

TAYLOR, ARTHUR II., lawyer, congressman, was born 
Feb. 29, 1852, in Canada. In 1880 and in 1882 he was elected 
prosecuting attorney for the eleventh judicial circuit of In- 
diana. He was elected to the fifty-third congress as a demo- 
crat. 

TAYLOR, ARTHUR AVILSON, physician, surgeon, wa& 
born Sept. 1, 1857, in New York City. In 1876 he graduated 
from the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute; and 
in 1880 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New 
York City. In 1880 he became assistant surgeon in the 
United States army ; and in 1892 was retired with the rank of 
captain. He is now assistant surgeon of the Oregon Short 
Line railway at Brigham City, Utah. He has been a member 
of the state board of health of Utah ; chairman of the city 
board of health ; and has filled numerous other positions of 
trust and honor. 

TAYLOR, ASHER, congressman. He was a representative 
from New York to the twenty-eighth congress. 

TAYLOR, BAYARD, journalist, diplomat, author, was 



36 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

born Jan. 11, 1825,- in Kennett square, Pa. He went to New 
York City and engaged in editorial work. In 1851 he set out 
on a protracted tour in the east, which occupied several years ; 
and in 1862 was secretary of the United States legation at 
St. Petersburg, Russia, and part of the time acting charge 
d' affaires. In 1874 he revisited Egypt; and in 1878 he was 
appointed United States minister to Germany. He was the 
author of Travels in Greece and Rome; At Home and Abroad; 
The Echo Club; Egypt and Ireland; Masque; and other 
works. He died Dec. 19, 1878 in Berlin, Prussia. 

TAYLOR, BENJAMIN COOK, clergyman, author, was 
born Feb. 24, 1801, in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1828-81 he was 
pastor of the reformed church of Bergen, the two hundredth 
anniversary of which he commemorated in a sermon in 1861. 
He was the author of Annals of the Classics and Townships 
of Bergen. He died Feb. 2, 1881, in Bergen, N. J. 

TAYLOR, BOLTON LOWNDES, dentist, was born Feb. 
1, 1832, in West Chester, Pa. He is a successful dentist of 
Minneapolis, Minn. ; and has contributed extensively to cur- 
rent literature. He has filled numerous positions of trust and 
honor; and is a member of several societies. 

TAYLOR, CALEB N., agriculturist, congressman, was born 
in 1819 in Sunbury, Pa. He was a representative from Penn- 
sylvania to the fortieth and forty-first congresses as a re- 
publican. 

TAYLOR, CHARLES, clergyman, missionary, college presi- 
dent, author, was born Sept. 15, 1819, in Boston, Mass. He is 
a methodist clergyman who was a missionary to China in 
1848-54. He returned to the United States in 1854; was presi- 
dent of Spartanburg Female College in 1857; and in 1866 of 
Kentucky Wesleyan College at Millersburg. He is author 
of Five Years in China ; and Baptism in a Nutshell. 

TAYLOR, CHARLES FAYETTE, surgeon, author, was 
born April 25, 1827, in Williston, Vt. He is a surgeon of New 
York City ; and founder and first surgeon of the New York 
Orthoepedie Dispensary and Hospital. He was the author 
of Theory and Practice of the Movement Cure ; Spinal Irrita- 
tion ; Sensation and Pain ; Mechanical Treatment of Angular 
Curvature of the Spine; Treatment of Disease. of the Hip 
Joint; and Infantile Paralysis. He died Jan. 25, 1889, in 
Los Angek\s, Cal. 

TAYLOR, CHARLES J., artist, was born Aug. 11, 1855. 
He is a successful painter and illustrator of New York City.~ 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 37 

Hk" received honorable mention at the World's Fair; received 
medals from the Paris Salon in 1900; and from the Pan- 
American at Buffalo in 1901. Among his illustrated works 
are The Tailor-Made Girl; The Suburban Sage; In the Four 
Hundred; Short Rations; and numerous others. 

TAYLOR, CHARLES X., banker, is prominent in the busi- 
ness, financial and public affairs of Tempe, Arizona, where 
he is connected in an official capacity with the Farmers and 
Merchants Bank. His brother, Robert S. Taylor, of Fort 
Wa^yne, Ind., has attained a national reputation as a lawyer 
and statesman. His sister, Esther Taylor Housh, was a noted 
nriter and editor; and his grandfather was "William Taylor, 
born in 177.0 and died in 1858. 

TAYLOR, CHARLES W., agriculturist, was born Dec. 
17, 183C,. in Erie county, Ohio. He has always been identi- 
fied with the agricultural interests of his county; has been 
a member of the Erie County Agricultural Society for over 
forty years ; and for four years was its president. In 1899 
and 1900 Ik; was a delegate to the Farmers' National Con- 
gress; and has filled numerous other positions of trust and 
honor. Besides overseeing his farm, on which he was born, he 
is also manager of the Sandu.sky Sand Company. 

TAYLOR, CYRUS MILLER, insurance manager, founder, 
was born in 1831, in Ontaria, Canada. He was manager of 
the Waterloo Mutual Fire Insurance Company; and vice- 
president of the Ontario Mutual Life Insurance Company. 
He enjoyed the distinction of being the father of insurance, 
both fire and life, in AA^estern Ontario; and lived to see the 
two companies he loiined among the most prosperous institu- 
tions of their kind in Canada. 

TxVYLOR, D. T., stockman, banker. He is l)res|jdent 
Farmers and Merchants Banks of Hay Springs, Neb.; and is 
prominent in tlie financial and public affairs of his city, 
county and state. He is a breeder of registered short horn 
cattle ; and has a large flock of sheep ; and large tracts of 
grazing lands. 

TAYLOR, EDWIN, agriculturist, state senator, was born 
July 23, 1844, in Tocumseh, Mich. He is a successful farmer 
of Edwardsvilie, JCansas. He has been a member of the State 
School Book Connnission, secretary of the State Horticultural 
Society; and the president of the State Board of Agriculture. 
He has been a member of the Kansas state legislature; has 
served as a member of the state senate; and has filipi olher 
positions of trust and honor in the gift of his city, county 



38 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

aii'l state. 

TAYLOR, FELIX G., lawyer, jurist. Pie is a well knoAvn 
lawyer of Jonesboro, Ark. ; and now fills the office of circuit 
judge, and has held other positions of honor. 

TAYLOR, FITCH WATERMAN, clergyman, author, was 
born Aug. 4, 1803, in JNliddle Haddam. lie was an Episcopal 
chaplain in the United States navy; and in 1865 was senior 
chaplain in the service. He was the author of The Flag Ship, 
or a Voyage Around the World; and The Broad Pennant. 
He died July 23, 1865, in Brooklyn, N. Y. 

TAYLOR, FREDERICK WILLIAM, clergyman, author, 
was born Jan. 11, 1853, in Toledo, Ohio. He is an eminent 
clergyman of Illinois; and is the author of The Confession 
of Our Christian Faith; The Church of England During the 
Reign of King Edward VI; Church Review; and other works. 
TAYLOR, GEORGE, signer of the declaration of inde- 
pendence, was born in 1716 in Ireland. In 1764-70 he was 
a member of the provincial assembly at Philadelphia. He 
was again elected to the assembly in 1775 ; was a delegate to 
the continental congress in 1776 ; and was a signer of the 
declaration of independence. He died Feb. 23, 1781, in 
Easton, Pa. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE, lawyer, congressman, author, was 
born Oct. 19, 1820, in Wheeling, W. Va. In 1856 he was 
elected from Alabama a representative to the thirty-fifth con- 
gress, lie was the author of the Creator. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE DRAPER, lawyer, was born Oct. 21, 
1859, in Luzerne county. Pa. He is one of the foremost law- 
yers of Pennsylvania at Scranton. He has been United States 
commissioner; and has filled numerous positions of trust and 
honor in his city, county and state. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE EDWIN, journalist, lecturer, author, 
was born Aug. 4, 1857, in Little Rock, Ark. He resides in 
Oskaloosa, Iowa. He has attained success as a speaker; takes 
a prominent i)art in political affairs; and was a delegate to 
the Chicago democratic national convention in 1896. He is 
the acknowledged leader of his race in Iowa ; and the author 
of a book entitled The American. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE HENRY, physician, author, was born 
in 1821 in Williston, Vt. He is a physician of New York 
City. He is the autiior of Exposition of the Swedish IMove- 
ment Cure; Health for Women; Massage; and I*elvic and 
Hernial Therapeutics. 

TAYLOR, (iEORGE HERBERT, lawyer, author, was 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 39 

born May 10, 1853, in Berkshire, Vt. He is the author of 
Fifteen Years a Mystery; Erastus Corning; An Agreement 
and What Came of It; William Livingston; Trout Fishing 
in Wisconsin; A Bear Hunt in Vermont^; and Hunting in 
Minnesota. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE LANSING, clergyman, author, was 
born Feb. 13, 1835, in Skaneateles, N. Y. He is a Methodist 
clergyman of eastern New York. He is the author of Elijah 
the Reformer, a Ballad Epic; Grant; an Elegy, and Other 
Poems ; What Shall We Do with the Sunday School ? and The 
New Africa. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE WASHINGTON, soldier, lawyer, 
state legislator, congressman, was born Jan. 16, 1849, in Mont- 
gomery county, Ala. He enlisted as a private in company D, 
first regiment South Carolina cavalry; and served as a 
courier till the end of the war. He was elected to the lower 
house of the general assembly of Alabama in 1878 ; and served 
one term as a member from Choctaw county. In 1880 he was 
elected state solicitor for the first judicial circuit of Alabama, 
and was re-elected in 1886. He was elected to the fifty-fifth 
and fifty-sixth congresses as a democrat. 

TAYLOR, GEORGE WILLIAM, soldier, was born Nov. 22, 
1808, in Hunterdon county, N. J. Wlien the civil war began 
he was made colonel of the third New Jersey infantry. He 
received his conunission as brigadier-general of volunteers in 
1862. He died in September, 1862, in Alexandria, Va. 

TAYLOR, HENRY LING, orthopedic surgeon, was born 
March 17, 1857, in New York City. In 1877 he received the 
degree of Ph.D. from Yale University ; and in 1881 graduated 
from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York 
City. He has devoted himself exclusively to the treatment 
of deformities; and has attained prominence as a successful 
orthopedic surgeon of New York City. He is a member of 
the American Orthopedic Association, the American Medical 
Association, American Academy of Medicine, and of other 
medical and scientific associations. 

TAYLOR, HOWARD S., lawyer, poet, was born Jan. 19," 
1846, in Staunton, Va. He graduated from Burlington Col- 
lege and the Cincinnati Law School ; and has attained note as 
a successful practicing lawyer and counselor. In 1896-1902 
he was city prosecuting attorney of Chicago, 111. ; and has 
filled other positions of trust and honor. He is best known 
by his poems, some of which are of national reputation. 



40 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

Among- these are The Man With the INIusket; The Liberty 
Bell; The War Widow; Jackson's Day; Spartaeus; and 
Athens. 

TAYLOR, ISAAC HAMILTON, lawyer, congressman, was 
born April 18, 1840, near New Harrisburg, Ohio. He engaged 
in the practice of the law at Carrollton, Ohio, in his native 
county ; and was clerk of the courts of Carroll county in 1870- 
77. He was elected a representative from Ohio to the forty- 
ninth congress as a republican. 

TAYLOR, JABEZ T., physician, surgeon, was born April 
26, 1840, in Derbyshire, England. In 1864 he "".ame to Ameri- 
ca ; and in 1879 graduated from the American Eclectic Medi- 
cal College of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and subsequently also gradu- 
ated from the American Health College. He is a successful 
physician and surgeon of Salt Lake City, Utah ; and a mem- 
ber of the National Eclectic jNIedical Association. He is as- 
sistant editor of the Eclectic Health Journal of Salt Lake 
City; and prominent in business and public affairs. 

TAYLOR, JAMES BARNETT, missionary, author, was 
born ]\Iarch 19, 1819, in England. He was one of the origin- 
ators of the Virginia Baptist Education Society; and a 
founder of Richmond College. He was the author of Life of 
Lot Cary ; and Lives of Virginia Baptist Ministers. He died 
Dec. 22, 1871, in Richmond, Va. 

TAYLOR, JAIME S BAYARD, author, poet, was born in 
1825 in Pennsylvania. He was an autlior, well known as poet, 
novelist, translator, and traveler. His volumes of poems 
comprise Ximena, and Other Poems; Rhymes of Travel; 
Poems and Ballads; Poems of Home and Travel; Poems of 
the Orient, his most original work ; The Picture of St. John ; 
The Poet's Journal; Lars; The Masque of the Gods; Home 
Pastorals; Prince Deukalion; The Prophet, a tragedy; and 
Centennial Ode. In fiction he published Beauty and the 
Beast; Hannah Thurston; The Story of Kennett; John God- 
frey's Fortune; Joseph and His Friend. His travels include 
Views Afoot ; Eldorado ; Byways of Europe ; Central Africa ; 
Egypt and Iceland ; Greece and Russia ; At Home and 
Abroad; India, China, and Japan; The Lauds of the Sara- 
cen; and Colorado. The translation of Faust is his greatest 
Avork, and the one on which his fame will most securely rest. 
Other works of his are School History of Germany; Literary 
Essays and Notes; Studies in German Literature; and The 
Echo Club, and Other Literary Diversions. He died in 1878. 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 41 

TAYLOR, JAMES F., physician, surgeon. In 1892 he 
graduated from BeUevue Hospital Medical College; and has 
since practiced his profession with great success in Salix, 
Iowa. He is professor of Materia ]\Iedica and Pharmacy in 
the Sioux City College of Medicine; medical examiner New 
York Life, and other insurance societies ; and is a member of 
the Iowa State Medical Society, American Medical Associa- 
tion, State Railway Medical Society, local surgeon C. & N.- 
W. Railway. 

TAYLOR, JAMES MONROE, clergyman, college presi- 
dent, author, was born Aug. 5, 1848, in Brooklyn, N. Y. He 
has been president of Vassar college since 1886. He is the 
author of (a text-book printed but not published) Psychology, 
of A New World and Old Gospel ; Practical or Ideal ; and va- 
rious articles on educational subjects. 

TAYLOR, JOHN, merchant, lieutenant-governor, congress- 
man, was born July 4, 1742, in New York. He became a mer- 
chant at Albany, N. Y., in 1773 ; superintended the commis- 
sary department on the expedition to Canada in 1775 ; and 
was a member of the provincial congress. He was for nearly 
forty years a member of the legislature of New York; and was 
lieutenant-governor of the state in 1813-22. He died March 
19, 1829, in Albany, N. Y. 

TAYLOR, JOHN, lawyer, congressman, United States sen- 
ator, governor, was born ]\Iay 4, 1770, in Columbia, S. C. He 
served in the South Carolina state legislature a number of 
years ; and was a presidential elector in 1797 ; in 1807-09 and \/ 
1817-21 ; and was United States senator in 1810-16. He was 
a state senator in 1810-22 ; and was governor in 1826-28. He 
was also at one time receiver of public moneys in Mississippi 
territory. He died April 16, 1832, in Columbia, S. C. 

TAYLOR, JOHN, missionary, author, was born in 1752 in 
Fauquier county, Va. He was the author of an account of 
his religious labors and of the churches that he had aided in 
founding, entitled A History of Ten Baptist Missions. He 
died in 1833 in Forks of Elkhorn, Ky. 

TAYLOR, JOHN, United States senator, author, was born 
in 1750 in Orange county, Va. He was United States senator 
from Virginia in 1792-94, 1803-09 and 1822-24. He was the 
author of Inquiry into the Principles and Polity of the Unit- 
ed States Government; Agricultural Essays; Construction 
Construed ; Tyranny Unmasked ; and New Views of the Unit- 



42 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

ed States Constitution, He died Aug. 20, 1824, in Caroline 
county, Va. 

TAYLOR, JOHN B., broker. He is a member of the New 
York Stock Exchange; and is prominent in the financial and 
public affairs of that city. 

TAYLOR, JOHN ERSKINE, physician, surgeon. In 1890 
he graduated from the Medico-Chirurgical College of Phila- 
delphia, Pa. He has attained success in the practice of his 
profession in Rockland, Pa. ; and has filled a number of posi- 
tions of trust and honor. 

TAYLOR, JOHN J., congressman, was born in Massachu- 
setts. He was elected a representative in congress from New 
York in 1853-55. 

TAYLOR, JOHN L., laAvyer, congressman, was born March 
7, 1805, in Stafford county, Va. In 1829 he settled in Chilli- 
cothe, Ohio ; and for six years was major-general of the Ohio 
militia. He was a representative in congress in 1847-65 ; and 
in 1870 was appointed a clerk in the interior department. He 
died Sept. 6, 1870, in Washington, D. C. 

TAYLOR, JOHN L., manufacturer, inventor. He is the 
inventor of Taylor's Patent Sicklehead, a practical attach- 
ment for mowers and binders. He is president and general 
manager of the Taylor Sicklehead Company of Bozeman, 
Montana. 

TAYLOR, JOHN LOUIS, lawyer, jurist, author, was born 
March 1, 1769, in England. He was chief justice of North 
Carolina in 1810-29. He was the author of Superior Court 
Cases in Law and Equity; The North Carolina Law Reposi- 
tory; Term Reports; and Duties of Executors and Adminis- 
trators. He died Jan. 29, 1829, in Raleigh, N. C. 

TAYLOR, JOHN MAY, soldier, lawyer, state legislator, 
congressman, was born May 18, 1838, in Lexington, Tenn. He 
entered the confederate army in 1861 ; was elected lieutenant ; 
and was subsequently promoted to the rank of major. In 
1869 he was elected mayor of Lexington, Tenn. ; and was at- 
torney-general of the eleventh judicial circuit in 1870-78. He 
was a member of the state house of representatives in 1881- 
82. He was a representative to the forty-eighth and forty- 
ninth congresses as a democrat. 

TAYLOR, JOHN NEILSON, lawyer, author, was born 
July 24, 1805, in New Brunswick, N. J. He was a lawyer of 
Brooklyn. He was the author of American Law of Landlord 
and Tenant ; and The Law of Executors and Administrators 
in New York State. He died Feb. 6, 1878, in New Brunswick, 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 43 

N. J. 

TAYLOR, JOHN NEWTON, physician, surgeon, was born 
Oct. 31, 1849, in Harrisbiirg, Va. He oradnated from Iowa 
State University, Indiana ]\Iedical College and New York 
Polyclinic. He has attained success in the practice of his 
profession in Indiana at Crawfordsville ; and in 1886-94 was 
a member of the Indiana State Board of Health. He has 
been president of the Indiana Institute of Homeopathy; and 
was president of the Indiana State Board of Health in 1890- 
94. In 1892-94 he was president of the American Conference 
of State and Provincial Boards of Health of the United 
States, the Province of Canada and the Republic of IMexico. 

TAYLOR, JOHN W., lawyer, state senator, congressman, 
\»'as born ]?.Iarch 26, 1784, in Charlton, N. Y. He was elected 
to the New York state legislature in 1811. He was a member 
of congress in 1813-33 : and was speaker of the house for the 
second session of the sixteenth congress, during the passage 
of the Missouri compromise. He was also speaker of the nine- 
teenth congress; and was a state senator in 1841-42. He died 
Sept. 8, 1854, in Cleveland, Ohio. 

TAYLOR, JONATHAN, congressman, was born in Con- 
necticut. He was a representative in congress from Ohio in 
1839-41. 

TAYLOR, JOSEPH BANNER, soldier, lawyer, congress- 
man, was born Nov. 7, 1830, in Belmont county, Ohio. He 
served in the Union army as a commissioned officer during 
the civil war. He was twice elected prosecuting attorney of 
Ohio; and was president of the city school board for seven 
years. He was a representative to the forty-seventh congress 
to fill a vacancy; and was re-elected to the forty-eighth, fif- 
tieth, fiftv-first, and fiftv-second congresses as a republican. 

TAYLOR, JOSEPH PANNEL, soldier, was born May 4, 
1796, in Louisville, Ky. He entered the army in 1813 ; passed 
through all grades ; and was commissioned, a brigadier-general 
in 1863. He died June 29, 1864, in Washington, D. C. 

TAYLOR, LEWIS IL, educator, physician, surgeon, was 
born July 29, 1850, in Taylorsville, Pa. ' In 1871 he settled in 
Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ; taught six years in the public schools ; and 
in 1880 graduated in medicine from the University of Penn- 
sylvania. For nine years he was medical inspector for the 
state board' of health ; was president of the Luzerne County 
Medical Society in 1885; and president of the Lehigh Valley 
Medical Society in 1891. Since 1884 he has been connected 



44 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

with the Wilkes-Barre city hospital; is ophthalmologist for 
that institution ; and is a director in hospital, library, educa- 
tional and other institutions. 

TAYLOR, MARTIN JELLETTE, physician, surgeon, was 
born Feb. 28, 1856, in Caledonia, Minn. In 1881 he gradu- 
ated from the Michigan School of Homeopathy and Surgery 
of Detroit, Mich. He has attained success in his profession 
at Janesville, Minn. ; and has filled numerous positions of 
trust and honor in his city, county and state. 

TAYLOR, MILES, congressman, was born in New York. 
He was a representative from Louisiana to the thirty-fourth, 
thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses ; and withdrew in Feb- 
ruary, 1861. 

TAYLOR, NATHANIEL G., lawyer, clergyman, congress- 
man, was born Dec. 29, 1819, in Carter county, Tenn. He 
was a representative in congress from Tennessee in 1854 ; was 
a presidential elector in 1853 and 1860 ; and was for several 
years a minister in the Methodist Episcopal church south. He 
was a representative to the thirty-ninth congress. In 1867 
he was appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. 

TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM, clergyman, author, 
ivas born June 23, 1786, in New Milford, Conn. He was a 
Congregational clergyman ; and was Dwight professor at 
Yale university in 1822-38. He was the author of Practical 
Sermons; Moral Government of God; and Essays, etc., upon 
Select Topics in Revealed Theology. He died March 10, 1858, 
m New Haven, Conn. 

TAYLOR, NELSON, soldier, state senator, congressman, 
vas born June 8, 1821, in South Norwalk, Conn. In 1849 he 
v^as elected to the state senate of California. In 1861 he was 
.flustered into military service as colonel of the seventy-sec- 
ond regiment of New York volunteers ; and was promoted to 
ihe rank of brigadier-general in 1862. He was a representa- 
xive from New York to the thirty-ninth congress. He died 
Jan. 16, 1894, in South Norwalk, Conn. 

TAYLOR, ORLA BENEDICT, lawyer, was born Sept. 29, 
1865, in Fowlerville, Mich. In 1886 he graduated from the 
Jniversity of Michigan with the degree of A.B. ; and in 1887 
>vith the degree of LL.B. He has attained success at the bar 
in Detroit, Mich.; and has filled several positions of trust and 
honor. 

TAYLOR, ORLANDO L., inventor, was born Sept. 9, 1870, 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 45 

m Brodhead, Wis. He has invented numerous devices; and 
Qow resides in AVinona, Minn. 

TAYLOR, RICHARD COWLING, geologist, author, was 
born Jan. 18, 1789, in England. He came to America in 1830. 
He Avas the author of Geology and Natural History of the 
Northeast Extremity of the Alleghany Mountains; History 
and Description of Fossil Fuel ; and Statistics of Coal. He 
died Nov. 26, 1851, in England. 

TAYLOR, RICHARD V., railroad manager, was born 
Aug. 11, 1859, in Newbern, N. C. He is prominent in the 
railroad world, and has filled many positions of trust. Since 
1888 he has been general auditor of the INIobile and Ohio rail- 
road, Avith headquarters at IMobile, Ala. 

TAYLOR, ROBERT, congressman, was born in Virginia. 
He was a representative in congress from Virginia in 1825-27. 

TAYLOR, ROBERT, stockman, state senator, was born in 
1846. in Berwickshire, Scotland. In 1866 he went to Penn- 
sylvania ; and the following spring moved to California by the 
Nicaragua route. In 1880 he traiknl sheep from California to 
Wyoming; was one of the pioneers of the business; and owns 
a breeding and feeding farm of nine thousand acres in Wyo- 
ming. He has served two terms in the legislature of Wyoming 
as state senator from Natrona county. 

TAYLOR. ROBERT LOVE, lawyer, congressman, gover- 
nor, was born July 31, 1850, in Happy Valley, Tenn. He 
was a representative from Tennessee to the forty-sixth con- 
gress as a democrat. He was governor of Tennessee in 
1886-90 and in 1896-98. The success of the Tennessee centen- 
nial exposition Avas largely due to Governor Taylor. 

TAYLOR, ROBERT S., lawyer, jurist, state legislator, au- 
thor, Avas born May 22, 1838, in Ross county, Ohio. He has 
attained success at the bar in Ft. Wayne, Ind. ; has served AAdth 
distinction as a member of the Indiana state legislature ; and 
also served one term on the bench. In 1881 he Avas appointed 
a member of the IMississippi river commission by President 
Garfield to succeed Benjamin Harrison. He is regarded as 
an authority on IMississippi river questions; and has pub- 
lished manv addresses and papers on that subject. He was a 
member of the monetary commission appointed under the 
auspices of the Indianapolis convention of 1897 ; and has pub- 
lished discussions of the money question covering all its vari- 
ous phases. 

TAYLOR, ROBERT W., educator, lawyer, journalist, con- 



46 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

gressmau, was born Nov. 26, 1852, in Youngstown, Ohio. He 
Avas superintendent of schools of Lisbon in 1873-74; and in 
1875-76 Avas editor of the Buckeye State newspaper at Lis- 
bon ; was prosecuting attorney of Columbiana county in 1880- 
96. He was elected to the fifty-fourth, fifty-fifth, fifty-sixth, 
and fifty-seventh congresses as a republican. 

TAYLOR. SAM FRANK, educator, clergyman, college 
president, was born ]\Iay 30, 1851, in Henry county, Va. He 
was educated at Richmond college, Va. ; and at the Southern 
Baptist Theological seminary of Louisville, Ky. He has been 
pastor at Paris, Ky. ; at Columbus, Miss.; and at Columbia 
and Liberty, Mo. He has attained success as an able edu- 
cator ; and for nearly ten years has been president of Stephens 
Female college of Columbia, Mo. 

TAYLOR, THOMAS ULVAN, educator, author, was born 
Jan. 2, 1858, in Parker county, Texas. Since 1888 he has 
been professor of civil engineering, University of Texas. He is 
the author of Prismoidal Formulte; The Austin Dam; Irri- 
gation Systems of Texas ; Water Pow-er of Texas ; and other 
works. 

TAYLOR, VERNON OTIS, physician, was born Aug. 28, 
1847, in Charlestown, Mass. He is one of the foremost phy- 
sicians of Rhode Island at Providence. In 1889-90 he was 
aid-de-camp on the staff of Hon. John W. Davis, governor of 
Rhode Island. He has been secretary of the Union Depot, 
Bridge and Terminal Railroad Company of Kansas City, Mo. ; 
and has filled numerous other positions of trust and honor. 

TAYLOR, VINCENT ALBERT, soldier, manufacturer, 
state senator, congressman, was born Dec. 6, 1845, in Bedford. 
He enlisted in company H, one hundred and fiftieth Ohio vol- 
unteer infantry; and subsequently in company H, one hun- 
dred and seventy-seventh Ohio volunteer infantry, and served 
in that regiment until the close of the war. He then began 
business as a manufacturer of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1888-89 he 
was a member of the Ohio state senate ; and was elected to 
the fiftv-second congress as a republican. 

TAYLOR, AYALLER, soldier, lawyer, jurist. United States 
senator, was born in 1786 in Lunenburg county, Va. He was 
a judge of the territory of Indiana in 1806. He Avas aide to 
General Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe ; and Avas United 
States senator from Indiana in 1816. He died Aug. 26, 1826, 
in Lunenburg, Va. 

TAYLOR, AV ALTER R., laAvyer, expert examiner of titles, 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 47 

was born Nov. 5, 1858, in Grand Rapids, Mich. He has at- 
tained success at the bar of Michigan at Kalamazoo ; and is a 
successful attorney and expert examiner of titles. In 1889-90 
he was assistant reporter of the Michigan supreme court; and 
has filled a number of positions of trust and honor. 

TAYLOR, WILLARD U., lawyer. He is a successful law- 
yer and counsellor of New York city, and a member of the 
well-known law firm of McFarland, Taylor and Costello, with 
offices on Wall street. He is prominent in the public affairs 
of his city ; and has filled several positions of trust and honor. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM, congressman, was born in Virginia. 
He was a representative in congress from Virginia in 1833-35. 
resentative in congress in 1833-39. He died Sept. 6, 1865, in 
Alexandria, D. C. He was a representative in congress from 
Virginia in 1843-46. He died Jan. 17, 1846, in Washington, 
D. C. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM, physician, state legislator, congress- 
man, was born in 1793, in Connecticut. He was president of 
the New York Medical society ; and was a practicing physician 
for fifty years. He was for many years president of the board 
of supervisors of the state of New" York. He was a member 
of the state legislature in 1841-42 and 1852-53. He was a rep- 
resentative in congres in 1833. He died Sept. 6, 1865, in 
Manlius, N. Y. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM, physician, surgeon, was born Jan. 
18, 1839, in Nelson, N. Y. During the civil war he was assist- 
ant surgeon of the twenty-third New York infantry volun- 
teers and of the eightieth regiment. For nine years he was 
coroner of IM^ftson county, N. Y. ; and for the past twelve 
years has been president of the Madison county board of pen- 
sion examiners. He has a large practice in Canastota, N. Y. ; 
and for fifteen years was a member of the Canastota high 
school board. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM HENRY, physician, surgeon, was 
born July 7, 1861, in McKinley, Ala. He has attained success 
in the practice of his profession in Alabama at Central Mills. 
He is a member of medical associations in the state of Ala- 
bama ; and has filled numerous positions of trust and honor. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM JAMES ROMEYN, clergyman, au- 
thor, was born July 31, 1823, in Schodack, N. Y. In 1869 he 
had charge of a church at Newark, N. J. ; and presided over 
the general synod in 1871. In 1872 he edited the Christian 
Intelligencer, and attended the Presbyterian councils held in 



48 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

Philadelphia, Belfast and London. He has published hymns, 
addresses, sermons and tracts. He is the author of Louisa, a 
Pastor's Memorial; The Bible in the Last Hundred Years; 
Church Extension in Large Cities ; and On Co-Operation in 
Foreign IMissions. He died Nov. 21, 1891, in Newark, N. J. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM MACKERGO, clergyman, author, 
was born Oct. 23, 1829, in Scotland. He came from Scotland 
to New York city in 1871 ; and was pastor of the Broadway 
Tabernacle in 1871-93. He was the author of Contrary 
Winds; The Limitations of Life; The Lost Found; The Gos- 
pel Miracles ; Prayer and Business ; Life Truths ; John Knox ; 
Joseph the Prime Minister ; Ruth the Gleaner and Esther the 
Queen ; David, King of Israel ; Elijah the Prophet ; Peter the 
Apostle ; Daniel the Beloved ; Moses the Law-Giver ; Paul the 
Missionary; and The Scottish Pulpit from the Reformation. 
He died Feb. 8, 1895, in New York city. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM R., agriculturist, state senator, gov- 
ernor, was born in 1820 in Connecticut. He moved to Wis- 
consin in 1848 ; turned his attention to farming ; and held 
various county offices. He was elected to the state legislature, 
both house and senate; and in 1873 was elected governor of 
Wisconsin. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM SYLVESTER, lawyer, jurist, gov- 
ernor, was born Oct. 10, 1853, in Butler county, Ky. In 1886- 
94 he was judge of Butler county ; and in 1895-99 he was gov- 
ernor of Kentucky. 

TAYLOR,-" WILLIAM WALLACE, physician, surgeon, 
was born Sept. 13, 1871, in Charlottestown, Canada. He has 
attained success in his profession in New York city; and is 
surgeon to the Insular Transatlantic Steam Navigation Com- 
pany. He is a tutor in the New York Polyclinic ; and attend- 
ing gynaecologist in the outdoor apartment of Bellevue hos- 
pital. 

TAYLOR, ZACHARY, lawyer, state senator, congressman, 
was born May 9, 1849, in Haywood county, Tenn. In 1880 
he was elected a state senator; was postmaster at Covington 
in 1883. He was a representative from Tennessee to the forty- 
ninth congress as a republican. e 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 49 

All proper names had originally a peculiar and 
appropriate meaning. Some persons might feel dis- 
posed to argue that there is nothing in the ordinary 
course of things to prevent the giving of names from 
sheer whim and without any meaning ; but it is quite 
as difficult to imao^ine the absence of motive and of 
fixed guiding principles in the choice of a name as it 
is in any other matter. It would be contrary to Man's 
nature to denote the object of his thoughts by sounds 
which produce no impression upon his memory, no 
representative idea in his mind. If the principle 
asserted, then, hold good in the matter of common 
nouns, much more must it be true with regard to the 
proper name, whose characteristic is, as we have said, 
that it places under our very eyes as it were, the 
individual object to which it is applied. 

That some definite idea should belong to the name 
when uttered, is so much needed by men in general 
that the natives of North America are in the habit of 
giving a name selected from their own language to 
any stranger deemed worthy of their especial notice. 
To them his own name does not sufficiently describe 
him, because it probably conveys no idea connected 
Avith his physical appearance. An anecdote is related 
of the Imaum of Muscat who when about to appoint 
a private physician asked his name. " Vincenzo," \vas 
the ph^'-sician's reply. Not understanding it, the prince 
requested that its meaning should be explained in 
Arabic. The Italian gave the meaning, as Mansour, 
or Victorious, and the prince delighted with the happy 
omen offered by the name, ever after called him 
"Sheik Mansour." 

If we glance next at the records of travellers in 
distant countries, we shall find that whether they be 
private individuals or men engaged in scientific in- 
quiry, they never give a name to a people, a country, 



50 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

an island, or an unknown rock, without some defi 
nite reason. Some allusion is made in it to physical 
conformation, to dress, to customs, to external pecu- 
liarities, or to certain circumstances which made the 
discovery a remarkable one. This natural habit has 
rarely been deviated from except when a desire has 
been felt to erect some geographical monument on 
distant shores, in honor of some denizen of the heavens; 
or to record, in a lasting form, some contemporary 
event, or the name of some contemporary character 
of distinction; or, lastly, to perpetuate the memory 
of a benefactor of his kind, and to testify of a na- 
tion's gratitude to a fellow-countryman of great pre- 
eminence. The long catalogue of proper names, with 
a meaning, -which may yet be found among our older 
nations, in spite of mixture and corruption of races; 
and the longer catalogue disclosed by etymological 
inquiry, fully bear out these remarks. Schegel, a very 
learned philosopher, has traced descriptive epithets in 
almost all Hindoo names. So marked was the exist- 
ence of these meanings among the Hebrews, that 
their literature is strangely tinged by their influence. 
The older names among the Arabs, and those since 
introduced into general use, are highly significative; 
the face is acknowledged in the case of Grecian names, 
and the remark is equally true of all names derived 
from Teutonic origin. The most distant nations in 
our own more immediate circle of civilization exhibit 
no difference in this respect. Most of the natives of 
North America are named after some animal; during 
their lifetime they receive another title when they 
have earned it by some deed of daring, which it ex- 
plains and of which it is the token. The name of a 
most powerful chief in one of the Marquesas Islands, 
contains an allusion to the shape of a canoe, in the 
management of which he excelled. Thunder is the 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 51 

name of the King of the Chenooks, a warlike tribe 
who live on the left bank of the river Columbia. The 
Kamtchadales, Koriakes, and Kuriles, have all of 
them significant names. 

SURNAMES. 

In the first ages of the world a single name was 
sufficient for each individual; and that name was 
generally invented for the person, in allusion to the 
circumstances attending his birth, or to some personal 
quality he possessed, or which his parents fondly 
hoped he might in future possess. 

Christian names being given in infanc3% and by 
friends and relatives, cannot, as a general rule, have 
bad significations, or be associated with crime or mis- 
fortune. It is otherwise, however, with surnames. 
These will be found to be of all shades, from the best 
to the worst, the most pleasing to the most ridiculous. 
They originated later in life, after the character and 
habits of the individual had been formed, and after 
he had engaged in some permanent occupation, trade, 
or pursuit. They were given by the community in 
w^hich he dw^elt — by enemies as well as by friends. 

The first approach to the modem system of 
nomenclature is found in the assumption of the name 
of One's Sire in addition to his own proper name ; 
as Caleb the son of Jephunneh. Sometimes the adjunct 
expressed the country or profession of the bearer; 
sometimes some excellence or blemish; as Diogenes 
the Cynic; or Dionysius the Tyrant. 

A mother's name, that of a parent, or of some 
remoter ancestor more illustrious than the father, 
have in the same way been used to form new names. 
A like attention has been paid to sentiments of friend- 
ship and gratitude. Sometimes the wife's name be- 
came the husband's surname. The name of the tribe 



52 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

or people to which a man belonged might also be- 
come a surname. If an3^ particular name described 
the locality of a man's residence or property, it may 
serve the same purpose. Personal acts and qualities 
have given rise to a great variety of surnames. 

Surnames are traceable to several chief sources. 
There v^ill be seen evidences in phj^sical and political 
geography that the designations of countries, moun- 
tains, rivers, districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are all 
associated with the names of persons whom we daily 
meet, suggesting to the thoughtful mind most inter- 
esting topics regarding the histories of families and 
places. 

Though the majority of our ancient family names 
are territorial, ^we have many large classes of excep- 
tions, and the origin of most of them is not at all 
doubtful. 

Surnames can scarcely be said to have been per- 
manently settled before the era of the Reformation. 
The keeping of parish registers was probably more 
instrumental than anything else in settling them; for 
if a person were entered under one name at baptism, 
it is not likely he would be married under another 
and buried under a third ; in some instances, prior to 
the keeping of parish registers, persons were recorded 
as having different names at different periods of their 
life. As to the derivations of surnames, it should be 
remembered, that places were named before families. 
You have only to examine an^^ of those names v^diich 
serve for lands and also for persons, to see this plainly. 
If you found the name of Cruickshanks, or Pretty- 
man, Black-mantle, or Great-head, you would not 
hesitate. These are evidently coined for persons, and 
you find no such names of land, or for the double 
purpose. But then you can have as little doubt that 
names like Church-hill, Green-hill, Hazel-wood, Sandi- 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 53 

lands, were first given to places; and when you find 
them borne both bj' land and persons, \^ou will con- 
clude the persons took them fi'om the territories. In 
general then, when a place and a family have the 
same name it is the place that gives the name to the 
people, not the family to the place. This rule, which 
will not be disputed by any one who has bestowed 
some study or thought on the subject, has very few 
exceptions. 

There is a class of fables, the invention of a set^ 
of bungling genealogists, who, by a process like that 
which heralds call canting — catching at a sound — pre- 
tend that the Douglases had their name from a Gaelic 
word, said to mean a dark gray man, but which 
never could be descriptive of a man at all; that the 
Forbeses were at first called For beast, because they 
killed a great bear; that Dalyell is from a Gaelic 
word, meaning "I dare;" that the Guthries were so 
called from the homely origin of gutting three had- 
docks for King David the Second's entertainment, 
w^hen he landed very hungry on the Brae of Bervie 
from his French voyage. These clumsy inventions of 
a late age, if they were realU' meant to be seriously 
credited, disappear when we find from record that 
there were ver\^ ancient territories, and even parishes, 
of Douglas, Forbes, Dah^ell, and Guthrie, long before 
the names came into use as family surnames. 

It was formerly customary to receive names from 
ancestors b^^ compounding their name with a word 
indicating filial relationship. Names so compounded 
were termed patrom^mics, from Pater: father, and 
Onotna : a name — father being used in the sense of 
ancestor. When personal names merged into family 
appellations, patronymics became obsolete; or, more 
correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change 
was effected, in case a man was called Dennis: bom 



54 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME, 

on the Day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son 
would be called Dennison, which in some cases, be- 
came Tenn3'son; and a man from a village in which 
was a church dedicated to St. Dennis was called 
Dennistoun. After the period in which descriptive 
names flourished, each of his children, whether male 
or female, would be called Dennis, so that this be- 
came literally a patronymic, inasmuch as it was a 
name received from a father. Howbeit, only those 
names that were taken from a parent when such 
was not the rule are called patron^^mics. Personal 
names lead the van as to all others, and are the 
basis of half their successors. Long after personal 
names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we 
find patronj-mics coming into use, the offspring of 
necessity arising out of multiplicity. 

But when we come to realize that nearly one- 
third of Englishmen were known either by the name 
of William or John about the year 1300, it will be 
seen that the pet name and nick form were no freak, 
but a necessity. We dare not attempt a category, 
but the surnames of to-day tell us much. Will was 
quite a distinct youth from Willot, Willot from Wil- 
mot, Wilmot from Wilkin, and Wilkin from Wilcock. 
There might be half a dozen Johns about the farm- 
stead, but it mattered little so long as one was called 
Jack, another Jenning, a third Jenkin, a fourth Jack- 
cock (now Jacox as a surname), a fifth Brownjohn, 
and sixth Micklejohn, or Littlejohn, or Properjohn 
(i.e., well-built or handsome). 

The first name looking like a patron3^mic is ante- 
diluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain: flowing out from Cain, as 
though O'Cain, given to intimate pride in relation- 
ship to Cain. During the Israelitish theocracy Gentile 
patronymics were in common use, as Hittites from 
Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, 



56 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

however, as the New Testament opens we meet with 
Bar-Jonah, Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in 
the conventional patronymical sense. It is, therefore, 
manifest that the chronology of patronymics, the 
period of their formation, lies about midway between 
primitive ages and time current. 

The Saxons sometimes bestowed honorable appel- 
lations on those who had signalized themselves by 
the performance of any gallant action, like the Ro- 
man Cognomina. Every person conversant wnth the 
history of those times will call to mind that England 
was much infested wnth wolves, and that large re- 
wards were given to such as were able by force or 
stratagem, to subdue them. To kill a wolf was to 
destroj' a dangerous enem}^, and to confer a benefit 
on societ3\ Hence several Saxon proper names, ending 
in ulph and wolf, as Biddulph, the wolf-killer, or 
more properly ** w^olf-compeller," and some others; 
but these, among the common people at least, did 
not descend from father to son in the manner of 
modem surnames. 

Another early species of surname adjunct is the 
epithet Great, as Alexander the Great; with words 
expressive of other qualities, as Edmund Iron-side, 
Harold Hare-foot; and among the kings of Norway 
there was a Bare-foot. France had monarchs named 
Charles the Bald, Louis the Stutterer, and Philip the 
Fair. 

As society advanced more in refinement, partly for 
euphony, and partly for the sake of distinction, other 
names came into common use. 

Modem nations have adopted various methods of 
distinguishing families. The Highlanders of Scotland 
employed the sirename with Mac, and hence our Alac- 
donalds and Macartys, meaning respectively the son 
of Donald and of Arthur, 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 57 

It \YOuld, however, be preposterous to imagine 
that surnames universally prevailed so early as the 
eleventh centur3\ We have overwhelming evidence 
that they did not ; and must admit that although the 
Norman Conquest did much to introduce the practice 
of using them, it was long before they became very 
common. The occasional use of surnames in England 
dates be\'ond the ingress of the Normans. Surnames 
were taken up in a very gradual manner by the great, 
(both of Saxon and Norman descent) during the ele- 
venth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. By the mid- 
dle of the twelfth, however, it appears that they were 
(in the estimation of some) necessary appendages to 
families of rank, to distinguish them from those of 
meaner extraction. 

The unsettled state of surnames in those early 
times renders it a diflicult matter to trace the pedi- 
gree of any family beyond the thirteenth century. In 
Cheshire, a count}^ remarkable for the number of its 
resident families of great antiquit3% it was ver\^ usual 
for 3'ounger branches of the famil3', la^'ing aside the 
name of their father, to take their name from the 
place of their residences, and thus in three descents 
as many surnames are found in the same family. 
This remark ma\' be forcibly illustrated bj' reference 
to the early pedigree of the family of Fitz-Hugh, 
which name did not settle down as a fixed appellative 
until the time of Edward III. 

Although most towns have borrowed their names 
from their situation and other respects, j^et with some 
apt termination have derived their names from men ; 
as Edwardston and Alfredstone. But these were from 
forenames or christian names, and not from sire 
names; and even almost to the period of the con- 
quest forenames of men w^ere generally given as names 
of places. 



58 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

The Normans are thought to have been the first 
to introduce the practice of fixed surnames among us; 
and certainly a little while before the conquest, some 
of these adventurers had taken family names from 
their chateaux in Normandy. "Neither is there any 
village in Normandy," saj^s Camden, **that gave not 
denomination to some family in England." The French 
names introduced into England at the conquest may 
generally be known by the prefixes de, du, des, de, la, 
St.; and by the suffixes font, ers, fant, deau, age, 
mont, ard, aux, bois, ly, eux, et, val, court, vaux, 
lay, fort, ot, champ, and dille, most of which are 
component parts of proper names of places, as every 
one may convince himself by the slightest glance at 
the map of Northern France. But that these Norman 
surnames had not been of long standing is very cer- 
tain, for at the Conquest it was only one hundred 
and sixty years since the first band of Northmen 
rowed up the Seine, under their leader Hrolf, whom 
our history books honor with the theatrical name of 
Rollo, but who was knowrn among his people as 
"Hrolf the Ganger." 

But whether in imitation of the Norman lords, or 
from the great convenience of the distinction, the use 
of fixed surnames arose in France about the j'car 
1000; came into England sixty j^ears later, or with 
the Norman Conquest; and reached Scotland, speak- 
ing roundl}", about the year 1100. 

The first example of fixed surnames in any num- 
ber in England, are to be found in the Conqueror's 
Valuation Book called Domesda3^ "Yet in England," 
again to quote the judicious Camden, "certain it is, 
that as the better sort, even from the Conquest, by 
little and little took surnames, so they were not set- 
tled among the common people fully until about the 
time of Edward the Second." 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 59 

Those clashing Norman adventurers introduced to 
the British Isle the custom of chivalry and the sur- 
names they had adopted from their paternal castles 
across the channel. They made a rage for knight- 
hood and turned the ladies' heads. An English prin- 
cess declined to marry a suitor who "had not two 
names." Henry I wished to marr^-- his natural son 
Robert to Mabel, one of the heiresses of Fitz-Hamon. 
The lady demurred : 

"It were to me a great shame 
To have a lord withouten his twa name." 

Whereupon King Henry gave him the surname of 
Fitzroy, which means son of a king. 

The era of fixed surnames does not rest only on 
the authorit}^ of Camden. It can be proved by a 
thousand records, English and Scotch. It is almost 
sufficientlj^ proved when it can be shown the race of 
Stuart — already first of Scotch families in opulence 
and power, distinguished b}- no surnames for several 
generations after the Norman Conquest. Much later 
the ancestors of the princeh^ line of Hamilton \vere 
known as Walter Fitz-Gilbert, and Gilbert Fitz-Walter, 
before it occurred to them to assume the name their 
kinsmen had borne in England. But surnames were 
undoubtedly first used in the twelfth centur^^ and 
came into general use in the following one. 

THE SAXON PATRONYMIC 

Was formed by adding ing to the ancestor's name, as 
^Ifreding, which means Alfred's son; the plural for 
which is ^Ifredingas. 

THE ENGLISH PATRONYMIC, 

Which is exceedingly common, is generally indicated by 
affixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is in- 



60 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

capable of being used in a plural form or in the gen- 
eric sense. For instance, Gibson, a son of Gibbs, a 
contraction for Gilbert. Munson, a son of Munn, a 
contraction of Edmund. 

DE AND MAC 

Are from the Latin \vord De, which means of. This is 
a Patronj^mical sign common to French, Italian, and 
even German names. Thus Deluc, \vhich means of 
Luke. Dwight means of Wight; and De Foe means 
of the Faith. 

FITZ. 

Fitz stands for Filius, a son, and received through 
the Normans. 

VAN AND YON. 

Corresponding more or less closely with de, ac, is 
the Dutch van, and usually applied with the force of 
the, as Vandersteen, which means of the stone, hill, 
from which have sprung Folli, Fell, Knox. Vander- 
velde means of the field ; Van Meter means living on 
hired land; and Vandeveer means of the ferry. 

THE WELSH PATRONYMIC 

Is a form of the Celtic means mac, which the Cam- 
brian people made Mab or Map, and shortening it to 
a letter b, p, or its cognate f, gave it work to do as a 
patronymical prefix. Thus, Probart, son of Robert ; 
Probyn, son of Robin; Blake, son of Lake; Bowen, 
son of Owen; Price, son of Rice or Rheese; Priddle, 
son of Riddle; and Prichard, son of Richard. 

MILESIAN PATRONYMIC. 

The Highlanders, Irish and Welsh hold mac in 
common. The AVelsh delight to have it in the forms 
of mab, map, ap, hop, b, p, f In Irish names mac 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 61 

tends toward mag, ma, and c. But Scotland took 
most lovingly to mac. The Alilesians found a greater 
charm in Eoghan: a son, forming ua, and that used 
as O in the sense of eldest son, for he only was al- 
lowed to use it. The Irish developed a patronjmiic 
out of their Erse treasury more elastic and poetic 
than the Gaelic mac. The Celtic for 3'oung, offspring 
son, is, as above given, eoghan, whence Egan for 
Hugh, eoghan : son of Hugh; and also Flanegan, son 
of Flan. 

THE GALLIC PATRONYMIC 

Is mac, meaning a son; and O from eoghan, for a first- 
born son. The Gaels also had a patron\'mical affix 
derived from eoghan, known as ach, och, the sou/ce 
of our ocA', as seen in hillock, which means little hill. 

THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE PATRONYMIC 

Is formed by az, or ez affixed. The two Avords are vari- 
ations of the tail Filius, a son ; as Alvarez, son of 
Alva ; and Enriquez, son of Henry. 

THE ITALIAN PATRONYMIC 

Was sometimes formed by placing the name of a son 
before the name of his father, as Galileo Galilei, which 
means Galileo, the son of Galilei; Speron Speroni, 
which means Speron, the son of Speroni, 

THE RUSSIAN PATRONYMIC 

Is itch for a son ; and of, ef or if for a grandson or 
descendant. Romanovitch Jouriff: son of Romain, 
grandson of Jour3'; and Romanoff, descended from 
Romain, son of Rome. 



62 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

THE MODERN GREEK PATRONYMIC 

Assumes the forms pulos, soiila, as in the name Nicol- 
opulos, son of Nicholas. 

THE GERMAN, DUTCH, SWEDISH, AND LAPLAND PA- 
TRONYMIC 

Are sohn, zen, sen, son, zoon, and dotter, such as Men- 
delssohn, son of Mendel; Thorwaldsen, son of Thor- 
wald ; and Larsdotter, son of Lars. 

LITHUANIAN PATRONYMIC 

Is aitis, ait or at, used as affix, thus, Adomaitis, mean- 
ing a son of Adam. 

THE HINDOSTANEE PATRONYMICS 

Is putra, added as an affix ; as occurs in Rajaputra, 
son of a king. 

THE CHINESE PATRONYMIC 

Is tse, or se, used as an affix, as Kung-fut-se, which 
means Kung, the son of Fo ; and Yang-tse-Kiang, 
river, son of the ocean. 

THE LATIN PATRONYMIC 

Is jlius, as Hostilius, son of Hostis. 

THE GREEK PATRONYMIC 

Is idas, modified to ida, ides, id, i, od. For instance, 
Aristides, son of Ariston, 

THE HEBREW PATRONYMIC 

Proper Jfe hen, from the word Eben, a stone. The Chal- 
dees used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superior, 
which was primarily applied to eminence, and is iden- 
tical with our Barr. As Barzillai, son of Zillai ; Ben- 
Joseph, son of Joseph. 



^ ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 63 

KIN. 

The primary sense ot kin seems to have been rela- 
tionship: from thence family or offspring. 

The next meaning acquired by kin was child, or 
"young one." We still speak in a diminutive sense 
of a manikin, kilderkin, pipkin, lambkin, jerkin, mini- 
kin (little Minion), or Doitkin. 

Terminations in kin were slightly going down in 
popular estimation when the Hebrew invasion made 
a clean sweep of them. They found shelter in Wales, 
however, and directories preserve in their list of sur- 
names their memorial forever. 

In proof of the popularity of kin are the surnames 
of Simpkinson, Hopkins, Dickens, Dickinson, Watkins, 
Hawkins, Jenkinson, Atkinson, and all the rest. The 
patronymics ending in kins got abbreviated into kiss, 
kes, and ks.^ Hence the origin of our Perkes, Purkiss, 
Hawkes, and Hawks, Dawks, Jenks, Juckes, and Jukes 
(Judkins). 

IN OR ON. 

This diminutive, to judge from the Paris Directory, 
must have been enormously popular with the French. 
England's connection with Normandy and France 
generally brought the fashion to the English Court, 
and in habits of this kind the English folk quickly 
copied. Terminations in kin and cock were confined 
to the lower orders first and last. Terminations in 
on or in and ot or et, were the introduction of fash- 
ion, and being under patronage of the highest families 
in the land, naturally obtained a much wider popu- 
larity. 

OT AND ET. 

These are the terminations that ran first in favor for 
many generations. 



64 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

This diminutive ot et is found in the Enghsh lan- 
guage in such words as poppet, jacket, lancet, ballot, 
gibbet, target, gigot, chariot, latchet, pocket, ballet. 
In the sanae wa^^ a little page became a paget, and 
hence among our surnames Smallpage, Littlepage, 
and Paget. 

Coming to baptism, we find scarceh^ a single 
name of an3' pretentions to popularity that did not 
take to itself this desinence. The two favorite girl- 
names in Yorkshire previous to the Reformation were 
Matilda and Emma. Two of the commonest sur- 
names there to-day are Emmott and Tillot, with such 
variations as Emmett and Tillett, Emmotson and 
Tillotson. 

Of other girl-jiames we may mention Mabel, which 
from Mab became Mabbott; Douce became Doucett 
and Dowsett; Gillian or Julian, from Gill or Jill 
(whence Jack and Jill), became Gillot, Juliet, and 
Jowett; Margaret became Margett and Margott, and 
in the north Magot. 

NAMES DERIVED FROM OCCUPATIONS AND PURSUITS, 

After these local names "the most in number have 
been derived from Occupations or Professions." 

The practice of borrowing names from the various 
avocations of life is of high antiquity. Thus the Ro- 
mans had among them many persons, and those too 
of the highest rank, who bore such names as Figulus, 
Pictor, and Fabritius, answering to the Potters and 
Paynters, of our own times. These names became 
hereditary, next in order after the local names, about 
the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As local ncimcs 
generally had the prefix de or at, so these frequently 
had /c, as Stephen le Spicer, and Walter Ic Boucher. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 65 

KAmes derived from dignities, civil and ecclesi- 
astical; AND FROM OFFICES. 

The same principle which introduced surnames bor- 
towed from trades and occupations led to the adop- 
tion of the names of dignities and offices, which also 
became hereditary; as Emperor, King, Prince, Duke, 
Earle, Pope, Bishop, Cardinal, etc. 

SURNAMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL AND MENTAL 

QUALITIES. 

These seem to form one of the most obvious sources 
of surnames, and a prolific source it has been. Noth- 
ing would be more natural at the first assumption 
of surnames, than for a person of dark complexion 
to take the name of Black or Blackman, a ta\vny 
one that of Browne, and a pale one that of White 
or Whiteman. But it was not from the head alone 
that names of this description were taken, for we 
have, in respect of other personal qualities, our Longs 
and our Shorts, our Strongs and our Weakl3's, and 
our Lightfoots and our Heavisides, with many more 
whose meaning is less obvious. Among the names 
indicative of mental or moral qualities, we have our 
Hardys and Cowards, our Liveh'S and our Sullens, 
our Brisks and our Doolittles; and Brainhead, which 
later became Brainerd. 

SURNAMES DERIVED FROM CHRISTIAN NAMES. 

Everybody- must have remarked the great number 
of names of this kind. Who does not immediately 
call to mind some score or two of the name of Ed- 
v^^ards, Johnson, Stevens, and Harrison, in the circle 
of his acquaintance. Many of the christian forenames 
of our ancestors w^ere taken up without any addi- 



66 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

tion or change, as Anthon\% Andrew, Abel, Baldwin, 
Donald, etc. Others have been corrupted in various 
ways, as Bennet from Benedict, Cutbeard from Cuth- 
bert, Stace from Ustace. 

NAMES FROM MANORS AND SMALLER ESTATES. 

The surnames from these sources are almost in- 
numerable. There is scarcely a cit3% town, village, 
manor, hamlet, or estate, in England, that has not 
lent its name to swell the nomenclature of English- 
men. 

SURNAMES FROM VARIOUS THINGS. 

We find the names of the heavenly bodies, beasts, 
birds, fishes, insects, plants, fruits, flowers, metals, 
etc., very frequently borne as surnames; as Sun, 
Moon, Star, Bear, Buck, Chicken, Raven, Crab, Cod, 
Bee, V\y, Lily, Primrose, Orange, Lemon, Gold, 
Silver, etc. 

SURNAMES FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONS, PERIODS OF 

AGE, TIME, ETC. 

There are several surnames derived from consan- 
guinit\% alliance, and from other social relations, orig- 
inating, from there having been two or more persons 
bearing the same christian name in the same neigh- 
borhood; as Fader, Brothers, Cousins, Husbands; and 
closely connected with the foregoing are the names 
derived from periods of age, as Young, Younger, Eld, 
Senior. From periods of time we have several names, 
as Spring, Summer, Winter. The following surnames 
may also find a place here: Soone, Later, Latter, 
Last, Quickly. 

A CABINET OF ODDITIES. 

There are a good many surnames which seem to 
have originated in sheer caprice, as no satisfactory 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 67 

reason for their assumption can be assigned. It is 
doubtful, indeed, if they were ever assumed at all, for 
they have very much the appearance of what, in these 
days, w^e are accustomed to call nicknames or sobri- 
quets, and were probabl}- given b3^ others to the per- 
sons who were first known by them, and so identified 
with those persons that neither they nor their im- 
mediate posterity could well avoid them. To this 
family belong the names borrowed from parts of the 
human figure, which are somewhat numerous; as 
Pate, Skull, Cheek, Neck, Side, Nailes, Heele, etc. 
Then there is another set of names not much less 
ridiculous, namely those borrowed from coins, and 
denominations of mone}^, as Farthing, Money, Pen- 
ny. Besides these we have from the weather. Frost, 
Tempest, and Fogg; from sports, Bowles, Cards; from 
vessels and their parts, Forecastle, Ship; from mea- 
sures. Peck, Inches; from numbers, Six, Ten. 

It is reall}'- remarkable that many surnames ex- 
pressive of bodily' deformity or moral turpitude should 
have descended to the posterity of those who perhaps 
well deserved and so could not escape them, when 
we reflect how easily such names might have been 
avoided in almost ever^^ state of society by the simple 
adoption of others ; for although in our day it is con- 
sidered an act of villain3% or at least a "suspicious 
affair," to change one's name unless in compliance 
with the will of a deceased friend, when an act of 
the senate or the roj^al sign-manual is required, the 
case was widely different four or five centuries ago, 
and we know from ancient records that names were 
frequently changed at the caprice of the owners. 
Names of this kind are ver}^ numerous, such as. Bad, 
Sill}^, Outlaw, Trash, etc. 



68 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

NAMES DERIVED FROM VIRTUES AND OTHER ABSTRACT 

IDEAS. 

To account for such names as Justice, Virtue, Pru- 
dence, Wisdom, Liberty, Hope, Peace, Jo\-, Anguish, 
Comfort, Want, Pride, Grace, Laughter, Luck, Peace, 
Power, Warr, Ramson, Love, Verity, Vice, Patience, 
etc., they undoubtedly originated in the allegorical 
characters who performed on the ancient m^^steries or 
moralities; a specie of dramatics pieces, which before 
the rise of the genuine drama served to amuse under 
the pretext of instructing the play-goers of the " old- 
en tyme." 

FOREIGN NAMES NATURALIZED IX ENGLAND. 

Various causes might be assigned for the variety 
that exists in the nomenclature of Englishmen. Pro- 
bably the principal cause is to be found in the pecu- 
liar facilities which that island had for many ages 
presented to the settlement of foreigners. War, ro\'al 
matches with foreign princesses, the introduction of 
manufactures from the continent, and the patronage 
which that countrj^ has always extended to every 
kind of foreign talent — all have of course tended to 
introduction of new names. 

CHANGED SURNAMES. 

The practice of altering one's name upon the oc- 
currence of any remarkable event in one's personal 
history, seems to have been known in times of very 
remote antiquity. The substitution of Abraham for 
Abram, Sarah for Sarai, etc., are matters of sacred 
history. In France it was formerly customary for 
eldest sons to take their father's surnames, while the 
younger branches assumed the names of the states 
allotted them. This plan also prevailed in England 
sometime after the Norman Conquest. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 69 

In the United States thej^ carry this system of 
corrupting or contracting names to a ridiculous ex- 
tent. Bamham is Barnum; Famham (fern ground) 
Famum; Killham (kiln house or home), Killum; Birk- 
ham (birch house) Birkum, and so forth with similar 
names. Pollock becomes Polk; Colquhoun becomes 
Calhoun; and M'Candish becomes M'Candless. 

HISTORICAL SURNAMES. 

'Qy an historical surname is meant a name which 
has an illusion to some circumstance in the life of the 
person \vho primarily bore it. Thus Sans-terre or 
Lack-land, the by-name of King John, as having rela- 
tion to one incident in that monarch's life, might be 
designated an historical surname. To this class of 
surnames also, belongs that of Nestling, borne by a 
Saxon earl, who in his infancy, according to Verstegan, 
had been rescued from an eagle's nest. 

TRANSLATED NAMES. 

During the middle ages the Latin language was 
the language of literature and politics; accordingly 
in history and in the public records proper names had 
to assume a Latin form. The change was not al- 
ways a happ3^ one. Authors were obliged to change 
their own names as well as the names of the persons 
they celebrated in either prose or verse. The history 
of France was still written in Latin in the seventeenth 
centur3', all names consequently recorded in Latin. 
In the sixteenth century the Germans used to trans- 
late them into Greek. The absurdity which it en- 
tailed undoubtedh' hastened the disappearance of the 

custom. 

The chiefs of an American tribe in North America 
receive a new name when they have earned it by 
their exploits. 



70 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

A similar practice prevails in various negro tribes. 

The Greeks, in olden times, used to change their 
names on the smallest pretense, and with the greatest 
indifference. 

The emperors of Japan and those of China after 
their death receive a new name, 

ON THE CHANGING OF NAMES. 

With us a woman changes her name when she 
marries; among the Caribs of the Antilles it was the 
custom for husband and wife to exchange names. 
In some formerly, and at the present day in Cape 
Verd Islands, a liberated slave takes the name of his 
old master; the adopted person substitutes the name 
of the person who adopts him for his own; the law 
allows that a donor or testator may require that 
his name should be taken by the person benefited. 

In 1568 Philip enacted a law that the Moors 
who lived in Spain should abandon the use of their 
peculiar idiom, and of their national names and sur- 
names, and substitute in their stead Spanish idioms 
and Spanish names. He hoped to make new men of 
them, to denationalize them, if we may use the term, 
and to merge them into his own people. He had a 
keen appreciation of the value of proper names, but 
like all despotic sovereigns, he was blind to the in- 
fluence of time, which can alone produce the gradual 
fusion of a conquering with a conquered people, more 
especially when differences in religion add their over- 
whelming weight to one side of the balance. 

The Moors obe\'ed, but still retained their nation- 
al feelings and religious beliefs; later, however, when 
they were compelled to choose between exile on the 
one hand, and apostac3' on the other, they returned 
to their old country, and carried back with them a 
number of Spanish names. Accord ingh-, in several 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 71 

Mauritanian families descended from the Andalusian 
Mussulmans, we still find the names of Perez, Santi- 
ago, Valenciano, Aragon, etc., names which have 
sometimes led European authors into error, and made 
them fancy they saw apostates from Christianity 
among the descendants of the martyrs ol Islamism. 

The robbers whose trade it was to carry men 
away and sell them as slaves, needed no legal com- 
pulsion to change the names of their slaves. The 
precaution which they naturally took in this matter 
baffled the researches of disconsolate parents, who 
could only endeavor to recover their lost children by 
a description which was alwa3^s imperfect and always 
uncertain. 

In modern times the same system has been 
adopted, although it has not been dictated by equally 
prudential motives. The laws of Christian Europe 
have even in our own times legalized the sale of 
slaves. As soon as a negro had landed in the colo- 
nies it w^as usual for his purchaser to give hin a new 
name. 

HEREDITARY NAMES. 

In England the middle classes acquired a decidedly 
important political influence as early as the year 
1258, or not later than 1264, the quarrels of the 
nobles and the king having opened the road to Par- 
liament for the representatives of the commons. More- 
over, an act that no tax should be levied without 
the consent of their representatives was passed before 
the year 1300, and accordingl}', soon after that date, 
we find hereditary names commonly used in the mid- 
dle classes. 

For a contrary reason the change cannot have 
taken place in Germany until a much later period. 
In order to prove this, an instance is given which 



72 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

will be all the more conclusive from its being con- 
nected with an intermediate point between that coun- 
try and France. In the town of Metz, which in idiom 
and by union with the dominions of the descendants 
of Clovis and Charlemagne, was decidedly French, 
but which for thirty years had been Germanized in 
consequence of its political position, you might have 
noticed at the close of the thirteenth century that its 
chief magistrates, who w^ere all knights, bore without 
exception individual or derived surnatnes instead of 
family surnames. Whenw^e say derived, -vvemean either 
from the place in which they lived, or from the post 
which their militar^^ duties obliged them to occupy. 
It was not until the close of the latter half of the 
fourteenth century that hereditar\^ names became 
common among men who were high in office, so that 
among their inferiors it is only fair to infer that they 
w^ere rarer still. 

The et3^mology of hereditary names in England 
and in Germany is generally the same as in France 
and Italy. The following remarks will embody the 
inferences to be drawn from their examination, for 
the use of philologists. In languages of Teutonic or- 
igin, v^^hen descent is implied merelj-, the word son is 
placed after the father's name; such is the derivation 
of all the family names in the languages of Sweden, 
Denmark, Germany, and England, which terminate in 
this way. There are some exceptions, such as Fergu- 
son and Owenson, which serve to corroborate the 
statement as to the possibility of the union of two 
languages to form one and the same proper name; 
in the instances quoted above, a Saxon termination 
is joined to a Caledonian or a Welsh name. 

Attention has already been drawn to the custom 
of giving the father's name, in the genitive case, to 
the son as a surname. The iiddition of a final s in 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 73 

English, and of the syllable ez in Spain, sufficed to 
change Christian pra^nomina into surnames, and 
afterwards into famih' names; Peters, Williams, 
Richards, Henriquez, Lopez, Fernandez, literally (son) 
of Peter, of William, of Richard, of Henr}^, of Lope 
(or Wolf), of Fernando or Ferdinand. 

D'Andre, Dejean, Depierre, have probably become 
famih' names in France in a similar wa3\ The name 
of the writer who was perhaps the keenest jipprecia- 
tor of the genius of the immortal Dante that ever 
lived, Giuseppe di Cesare, shows that a similar form 
was not foreign to Italian customs. 

As in Itah', so also in the greater part of Europe, 
the practice of drawing up deeds and charters in 
Latin was almost universal, and in these the son 
was designated by his father's name in the genitive 
case, hence we must attribute all the names which 
are characterized by such a termination to this cus- 
tom. Such names, for instance, as Fabri, Jacobi, 
Simonis, Johannis, etc., names which would be mul- 
tiplied without end if other languages had retained 
the old Latin termination like the Italian. The coun- 
tries where the greatest number will be found will be 
those (it may be quite safelj^ conjectured ) where the 
custom of writing legal documents in Latin prevailed 
the longest. 

Somewhat similar in Wales, the sign of descent, 
or rather of sonship, led to the formation of sur- 
names, which later again became hereditary names. 
The word "ab," when placed between two names, 
expresses descent, Rh^'s ab Evan (Rh3^s, the son of 
Evan); the vowel is gradualh' lost in common use, 
and the name becomes Rh\^s Evan, and, according to 
the same rule, successively takes the form of the fol- 
lowing patronymics, Bowen, Pruderrech, Price. 

It is still the same theory, only more simply car- 



74 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

ried out, which regulated the formation of family 
names in Ireland and in Scotland. As soon as the 
head of a clan had adopted some hereditary name, 
that name was given to all his vassals, whatever 
rank they might happen to occupy, and however re- 
motely connected they might be by ties of kindred 
with the head of the clan, and further, even though 
they had only entered it by enfranchisement or by 
adoption. The feeling of pride which suggested such 
a system is by no means an offensive one; we excuse 
it on the ground of its similarity to the old patri- 
archal customs; the head of the clan who is so pow- 
erful, and such an object of reverence, is but the eld- 
est brother of a large family, and the name which he 
takes belongs to all its members. 

It will not be quite so easy to discover a reason 
for the feeling of vanity which in Spain and in Por- 
tugal led to such a tedious multiplicity of names. 
Birthplace, or the customary home, are not considered 
sufficient for a full description of a lordly title; alli- 
ances, adoptions, and the like, were all dragged in to 
increase the number of names. An ignorant phase of 
devotional feeling added to its proportionate share 
to their Christian pra^nomia; it may, therefore, be 
easily inferred what needless confusion must have 
arisen in the ordinary transactions of life, through 
this two-fold prodigality of names. 

As the nobles in Sweden had not adopted heredi- 
tary names before the close of the sixteenth century, 
it followed as a matter of course that the middle 
classes did not use them until a still later period. 
The choice of names which this latter class made is 
worthy of notice. We know many names in France 
which indicate occupations, such as Draper, Miller, 
Barber, Maker, Slater, Turner,* etc. The same may 

♦ Mercier, Meunier, Barbier, Boulanger, Couvreur, Tourneur. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 75 

be found in England, but not in the same quantity; 
the oldest English commoners were freeholders of 
land rather than either merchants or manufacturers. 
There are few if any such, in Sweden; the greater 
part of their names are the names of properties, or 
of farms, or of forests, and were of that character 
because they were selected by a class w^ho wished to 
approximate to the nobles by imitating their ways, 
and consequently not because they were the result of 
a need for distinctive signs — a need which is totally 
distinct from any individual w^ish or caprice. 

In Holstein and in Courland there are still many 
families who have no names peculiarly their own. 
In this instance, again, the scourge of feudalism is 
felt in all its severity. 

ORIGIN OF OUR FAMILY. 

Whatever concerns the origin of our family — from 
whom proceeded the sturd^^ men that planted our in- 
fant states has for all of us an especial charm, not only 
from what we know, but for what we hope to ascertain. 

Our ancestors, tracing back their lineage to Pict 
and Dane, to the legionaries of Rome, or to the sea 
kings of the Baltic, had gained strength from the 
fusion in their nature of various and opposing ele- 
ments, and combined what was best of man^^ races. 

That our ancestors were fond of fighting when 
provoked, regardless of personal safet}^ or private 
advantage, cannot be denied. For the five centuries 
following the conquest, wars at home and abroad 
succeeded with little cessation. Military duty was 
incumbent on all who could bear arms. Personal en- 
counters between knight and squire in mail with lance 
and battle axe, the rest in quilted doublets, with pike 
and bow, made men indifferent to danger, and induced 
habits of hardihood and daring. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

According to some authorities the history of man- 
kind began with Adam and Eve about six thousand 
years ago; and that their decendants spread over 
Asia first, then over Africa, and then over Europe. 
But science clearlv points that the :vv^orld and its in- 
habitants in some form must have existed for millions 
of years. 

It took primitive man four thousand years to learn 
how to make a hole in a stone, insert a stick in it, 
and use it for a weapon. Then he became master of 
the forest, with power readily to provide himself with 
meat-food. From fisherman and hunter man developed 
into a herder of flocks, a tiller of the soil, a cultivator 
of grain. Then came attachment to the famih^ and 
the growth of the family into clans and nations. 

The first historical record is dated about three 
thousand seven hundred 3^ears ago, when a man by 
the name of Inachus led a verj' large companj^ of emi- 
grants from Egypt into Greece. These found that 
country- inhabited by savages, who no doubt, were 
the descendants of those who had wandered there 
from Asia. 

Inachus and his companies established themselves 
in Greece, and from that point of time Europe gradu- 
ally became occupied by civilized people. 

Thus three quarters of the globe, Asia Africa and 
Europe, were settled. But America was separated 
from Asia b}' the Pacific Ocean, almost ten thousand 
miles across; and from Europe and Africa b3'' the At- 
lantic, about three thousand miles across. Of America 
in ancient times people knew nothing. 

The ships in olden times were small and feeble; 
and navigators seldom dared to stretch forth upon 
the boundless sea. Even the mariner's compass, that 
m3'sterious but steadfast friend of the sailor was not 
used by the Europeans until 1250. 



78 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

It was in the 3'ear 1607 that the first emigrants, 
to successfulh' form a permanent colonj^ landed in 
Virginia. For twelve years after its settlement it 
languished under the government of Sir Thomas 
Smith, Treasurer of the Virginia Company in Eng- 
land. The Colony was ruled during that period by 
laws written in blood; and its history shows us how 
the narrow selfishness of such a despotic power v^rould 
counteract the very best efforts of benevolence. The 
colonist suffered an extremity of distress too horrible 
to be described. 

Of the thousands of emigrants who had been 
sent to Virginia at great cost, not one in tw^enty 
remained alive in April, 1619, when Sir George 
YeardW arrived. He bought certain commissions 
and instructions from the compan3' for the "Better 
establishing of a commonwealth here," and the pros- 
perity of Virginia began from this time, when it 
received, as a commonwealth, the freedom to make 
laws for itself. The first meeting was held JUI3' 30, 
1619 — more than a year before the Mayflower, vi^ith 
the pilgrims, left the harbor of Southampton. 

The first colonj- established b3^ the Ph^mouth Com- 
pany in 1607, on the coast of Maine, was a lament- 
able failure. 

The permanent settlement of New England began 
with the arrival ofabodj^ of Separatists in the Alay- 
flower in 1620, who founded the colon3' of Plymouth. 

The Separatists' migration from England was 
followed in a few 3'ears by a great exodus of Puri- 
tans, who planted towns along the coast to the 
North of Phnnouth, and obtained a charter of gov- 
ernment and a great strip of land, and founded the 
colony of Massachusetts Bay. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAMB, 7Q 

Religious disputes drove Roger Williams and Anne 
Hutchinson out of Massachusetts and led to the 
founding of Rhode Island in 1636. 

Other church ^Vangles led to an emigration from 
Massachusetts to the Connecticut xalley, where a 
little confederacy of towns was created and called 
Connecticut. 

Some settlers from England went to Long Island 
Sound and there founded four towns which, in their 
turn, joined in a federal union called the New Haven 
Colony. 

In time New Haven was joined to Connecticut, 
and Ph^mouth and Maine to Massachusetts; New 
Hampshire was made a ro^'al colony; and the four 
New England colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
Rhode Island and Connecticut — were definitely estab- 
lished. The territory of ]Massachusetts and Connecti- 
cut stretched across the continent to the "South Sea" 
or Pacific Ocean. 

The Mar\dand colon}^ was founded by Lord Bal- 
timore, a Roman Catholic, who was influenced in his 
attempts of colonization b\^ a desire to found a refuge 
for people of his own faith ; and the first settlement 
was made in 1634 at St. Mary's, Annapolis was 
founded about 1683, and Baltimore in 1729. 

Meantime Henry Hudson in the employ of the 
Dutch, discovered the Delaware and Hudson Rivers in 
1609; and the Dutch, ignoring the claims of England, 
planted colonies on these rivers and called the coun- 
try New Netherlands. 

Then a Swedish company' began to colonize the 
Delaware Bay and River coast of Virginia, which 
they called New Sweden. 

Conflicts between the Dutch and the Swedes fol- 
lowed, and in 1655 New Sweden was made a part of 
New Netherlands. 



80 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

The English seized New Netherlands in 1664, giv- 
ing it to the Duke of York; and the Duke, after es- 
tablishing the province of New York, gave New Jersey 
to two of his friends, and sold the three counties on 
the Delaware to William Penn. Meanwhile the king- 
granted Penn what is now Pennsylvania in 1681. 

The Carolinas were first chartered as one proprie- 
tary colony but were sold back to the king and final- 
ly separated in 1729. 

Georgia, the last of the thirteen English colonies, 
was granted to Oglethorpe and others; as a refuge 
for poor debtors, in 1732. 

In 1774 General Gage became governor of Mass- 
achusetts; and seeing that the people were gathering 
stores and cannon, he attempted to destroy the 
stores, and so brought on the battle of Lexington 
and Concord, which opened the war for Independence. 
The English army was surrounded at Yorktown by 
Washington and the French fleet and forced to sur- 
render. A convention at Philadelphia framed the 
Constitution of the United States. 



NATIONS THAT HAVE OWNED OUR SOIL. 

Before the United States became a nation, six 
European powers owned, or claimed to own, various 
portions of the territory now contained within its 
boundar3^ England claimed the Atlantic coast from 
Maine to Florida. Spain once held Florida, Texas, 
California and all the territory south and west of 
Colorado. France in davs gone bv ruled the Missis- 
sippi valley. Holland once owned New Jersey, Dela- 
ware and the valley of the Hudson in New York and 
claimed as far eastward as the Connecticut River. 
The Swedes had settlements on the Delaware. Alaska 
was a Russian possession. 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 81 



FORE -NAMES. 

CHRISTIAN names are so called from having orig- 
inally been given to converts at baptism as sub- 
stitutes for their former pagan appellatives, many of 
which were borrowed from the names of their gods, 
and therefore rejected as profane. After the general 
introduction of Christianity, the epithet was still re- 
tained, because the imposition of names was ever 
connected with the earliest of its sacred rites. It is, 
nevertheless, most incorrect; since the majorit}^ of the 
personal names of modem times are borrowed from 
sources unconnected with Christianity. With what 
propriety can we call Hercules and Diana, Augustus 
and Julia, or even Henry and Caroline, Christian 
names? They should be called forenames (that is 
first names), a term much more preferable to the 
other. Perhaps the word name, without any ad- 
junct, would be better still. We should then use the 
name and surname as distinctive words; whereas we 
now often regard them synonyms. 

From the earliest times, names to distinguish one 
person from another have been in use. The names in 
the Old Testament are mostly original and generally 
given at the birth, in accordance with some circum- 
stance connected with that event, or from some 
pious sentiment of the father or mother. The Jewish 
child received his name at the time of circumcision. 
This practice is still adopted amongst the Jews, and 
has been followed by the Christian Church giving a 
name at baptism. 

The ancient Greeks used only one name, which 
was given on the ninth day after birth, and was 



82 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

chosen b\^ the father, who also possessed the right 
of altering it. These names generalh' expressed some 
great quality — as braverj', wisdom, or skill. Thus 
Callienachus means excellent fighter; and Sophron 
means wise. In later times many names were derived 
from those of their gods — as Apollodorus, the Gift of 
Apollo. The eldest son usually bore the name of his 
paternal grandfather, to which was sometimes added 
the father's name, or the occupation, place of birth, 
or a nickname. 

The Romans at a ver3^ early date used two 
names, and later on each Roman citizen had three. 
The praenomen was, like our Christian name, per- 
sonal to the individual; as Caius and Marcus; in 
writing, the initials onh^ were generally used. In 
earl^' times it was given at pubert3% but afterwards 
on the ninth day after birth. Women took -no prae- 
nomen until marriage, when they adopted the femi- 
nine form of their husband's name. Every Roman 
citizen belonged to a gens and to a familia included 
in it. The nomen gentilicum (the second name) 
usually ended in ius, cius, or aius. The third name 
was the hereditar\^ cognomen borne b3' the famih^, to 
which was sometimes a second cognomen called 
agnomen, was added. The cognomen was often de- 
rived from some event in the famih^ histor3', or from 
some personal defect. In common intercourse the 
praenomen and cognomen onU^ were used, as C. 
Caesar, for C. Julius Caesar. Man^^ of the Roman 
names were of a much less dignified origin than the 
Greek, as Cicero (Vetchgrower), Crassus (Fat), Naso 
(Longnosed). 

The Celtic and Teutonic names were originalh- 
very significant. Manj^ were derived from "God," as 
Gottfried, Godwin, and others from genii or elves, as 
A.lfred Elfric (Elf King). Personal prowess, wisdom, 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 83 

and nobilit}' of birth, were the origin of man}- names 
still in use, as Hilderbrand (the War Brand), Arnold 
(Valiant Eagle) Osborn (God bear). After the intro- 
duction of Christianit\' man\' of the old names were 
superseded by those taken from the Scriptures. These 
names in course of time became much altered; as for 
example, Owen, Evan, and Eoghan are different 
forms of Joliann or John. A change of name was 
sometimes made at confirmation, and amongst 
Roman Catholics an additional name is given at the 
first communion. Sir Edward Coke tells us: "If a 
man be baptized b3^ the name of Thomas, and after 
at his confirmation by the bishop he is named John, 
he may purchase by the name of his confirmation. 
And this was the case of Sir Francis Gawdye, late 
Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, whose 
name of baptism was Thomas, and his name of con- 
firmation Francis; and that the name of Francis by 
the advice of all the judges in anno 36, Henry VIII, 
he did bear, and often used in all his purchases and 
grants." Another instance is that of Henry III of 
France, who, being the godson of Edward VI of Eng- 
land, was named Edward Alexander at his baptism 
in 1551; but at his confirmation in 1565 these 
names were changed to Henri. 

In German3^ the names are mosth- of Teutonic origin, 
or connected with the early history of Christianity. 

Double Christian names were not much in vogue 
before the nineteenth centur\'. A ver}' early instance 
is that of "John Thomas Jones," a runaway thief, 
mentioned in a collection of autograph letters from 
Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and his son (1601); Charles 
George Cook, Judge of the Admiralty in 1665; and 
Henry Frederick Th3'nne, brother to Lord We^^- 
mouth, 1682, are other examples, which might 
easily be extended. 



84 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

In France and German\^ when surnames became 
universal, the prefix of De or von to a common ple- 
beian name was considered as a mark of nobility. 
In Britain the De was not considered the test for no- 
bility, for the names of some of the best families were 
not territorial; as Butler, Stewart and Spenser. 

SCRIPTURAL NAMES ALREADY IN USE AT THE REFOR- 
MATION. 

It now remains simply to consider the state of 
nomenclature in England at the eve of the Reforma- 
tion in relation to the Bible. Four classes may be 
mentioned. 

MYSTERY NAMES. 

The leading incidents of Bible narrative were 
familiarized to the English lower orders b3^ the per- 
formance of sacred plays, or mysteries, rendered un- 
der the supervision of the Church. To these plays is 
owed the early popularit}- of Adam and Eve, Noah, 
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Sara, Daniel, Samp- 
son, Susanna, Judith, Hanna or Anna, and Hester. 
But the Apocryphal names were not frequently used 
until about 1500. Scarcely any diminutives are 
found of them. On the other hand, Adam became 
Adcock and Adkin; Eve became Evott and Evett; 
Isaac became Hickin, Higgin, Higgott and Higgett; 
Joseph became Joskin; and Daniel became Dankin and 
Dannet. 

CRUSADE NAMES. 

The Crusaders gave several prominent names. To 
them we are indebted for Baptist, Ellis and Jordan; and 
John received a great stimulus. The sacred water, 
brought in the leathern bottle, was used for baptis- 
mal purposes. The Jordan commemorated John the 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 85 

Baptist, the second Elias, the forerunner and bap- 
tizer of Jesus Christ. Children were st\-led by these 
incidents. Jordan became popular throughout Western 
Europe. It gave to England, as already observed, 
Judd, Judkin, Judson, Jordan and Jordanson, Elias, 
as Ellis, took about the eighth place of frequency, 
and John for a while the first. 

THE saint's calendar. 

The legends of the saints were carefull_v taught 
by the priesthood, and the day was as religioush' ob- 
served. All children born on these holy da3'S re- 
ceived the name of the saint commemorated. St. 
James's Day, or St. Nicholas's Day, or St. Thomas's 
Day, saw a small batch of Jameses, Nicholases, and 
Thomases received into the fold of the church. In 
other cases the gossip had some favorite saint, and 
placed the child under his or her protection. Of 
course, it bore the patron's name. A large number 
of these hagiological names were extra-Biblical — such 
as Cecilia, Catherine, or Theobald. All the apostles, 
save Judas, became household names; John, Simon, 
Peter, Bartholomew, Matthew, James, Thomas and 
Philip being the favorites. Paul and Timoth\^ were 
also utilized, the former being always found as Pol. 

FESTIVAL NAMES. 

If a child was born at Whitsuntide or Easter, 
Christmas or Epiphany, like Robinson Crusoe's man 
Frida}', he received the name of the day. Hence our 
once familiar names of Noel or Nowell, Pask or Pas- 
cal, Easter, Pentecost, and Epiphany or Tiffany. 

It will be observed that all these imph' no direct 
or personal acquaintance with the Scriptures. All 
came through the Church. AH, too, were in full tide 



86 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME, 

of prosperity — with the single exception of Jordan, 
which was nearly obsolete — when the Bible, printed 
into English and set up in the churches, became an 
institution. The immediate result was that the old 
Scripture names of Bartholomew, Peter, Philip, and 
Nicholas received a blow much deadlier than that 
received by such Teutonic names as Robert, Richard, 
Roger and Ralph. 

The subject of the influence of the Bible upon 
English nomenclature is not uninteresting. It may 
be said of the "Vulgar Tongue" Bible that it revolu- 
tionized the nomenclature within the space of forty 
years, or a little over a generation. No such crisis, 
surely, ever visited a nation's register before, nor can 
such possibly happen again. Every home felt the 
effect. 

THE DECAY OF SINGLE PATRONYMICS IN BAPTISM. 

The introduction of double baptismal names pro- 
duced a revolution as immediate as it was uninten- 
tional. It put a stop to what bade fair to become a 
universal adoption of patronymics as single baptis- 
mal names. This practice took its rise about the year 
1580. It became customar^^ in highly placed families 
to christen the eldest son by the name of the landed 
estate to which he was heir. Especially was it com- 
mon when the son succeeded to property through his 
mother; then the mother's surname was his Chris- 
tian name. With the introduction of second baptis- 
mal names, this custom ceased; and the bo}' or girl, 
as the case might be, after a first orthodox name of 
Robert or Cecilia, received as a second the patronymic 
that before was given alone Instead of Neville Clarke 
the name would be Charles Neville Clarke. From the 
year 1700 this has been a growing custom, and half 
the present list of treble names are thus formed. 



88 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

Until about the commencement of the seventeenth 
century, no material change in the designations of 
Englishmen had occurred since the daj^s of the earlier 
Edwards, when surnames were generally adopted. 
John de la Barre, it is true, had become plain John 
Barr, and Roger atte H^dle had softened to Roger 
Hill, but still the principle of a single Christian name 
and a single surname had been maintained through- 
out. About the period alluded to, the innovation of 
a second personal name occurs, though but very rarely. 
The practice was imported to Great Britain from the 
Continent, where it seems to have originated among 
the literati in imitation of the trmnomina of antiquity. 
The accession of the man}- -named house of Brunswick 
ma^' be said to have rendered it somewhat fashion- 
able; and during the last century it has become every 
year more common. Should the fashion continue, it 
is probable that at the dawn of the twentieth centu- 
ry it will be as difficult to find a hinominated person 
in America, as it is in France at the present day. 

Another innovation belongs to the seventeenth cen- 
tury; that of the use of some family name as a bap- 
tismal appellation, as Gouldsmith Hodgson, Boscawen 
Lower, Cloudsley Shovel. This practice as well as the 
other is highly to be commended, as serving to iden- 
tify the individual with the designation. The genealo- 
gist will at once see its utility; and it is suggested to 
parents the desirabilitj^ of inserting the maternal fami- 
ly name between the proper name of baptism and the 
surname, as James Morton Wilson, Henry Smith Brad- 
ley. Indeed it would be well to go further and add 
the maiden family name of the wife to the surname 
of the husband ; thus if a Charles Harrison married a 
Mar3'- Bradshawe, the}- should thereupon write them- 
selves respectively Charles Bradshawe Harrison and 
Mary Bradshawe Harrison. If Vanity unites in the 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 89 

same escutcheon the arms of the wife with those of 
her lord, ought not Affection in like manner to blend 
their names ? This usage is voluntarily followed at 
Geneva and in many provinces in France; and it serves 
to distinguish the bachelor from the married man. 

In some districts, where a familv name was orisf- 
inallj' applied at the font instead of the usual James, 
Peter, or John, that family name has come to be re- 
garded as a regular christian name. For example: 
about Lewes, Tra3'ton is fulh' as common as Samuel, 
Nicholas, Alfred, or an^^ name occup3-ing the second 
rank in point of frequency, and onl}'- less usual than 
Henry, William and John. In the sixteenth centurv a 
family of this name, from Cheshire, settled in Lewes, 
and continued to I'cside there for several successive 
generations, during the latter part of which period 
they became so p,:pular that a host of children re- 
ceived the baptismal name of Tray ton in compliment 
to them. The spirit of imitation succeeded; and there 
are at the present day scores of TrS.\^tons, who have 
neither an}' idea of the origin of their name, nor any 
doubt of its being as orthodox as the ver}' common 
appellatives alluded to. 

We have seen that the Christian name, once im- 
posed, cannot be altered at the option of the bearer, 
as the surname may; at least not without the sanc- 
tion of episcopal authorit}'. Towards the close of the 
eighteenth century. Sir William Bridges exchanged the 
name of William for that of Brooke, b}'- license from the 
Archbishop of Canterbury; but this is almost a solitary 
instance in modern times, as the occasion for it rarely 
arises. Before the Reformation, the unauthorized change 
of a Christian name was a grave offence. It is recorded 
in the consistorial acts of the Bishop of Rochester, that 
on Oct. 15, 1515, one Agnes Sharpe appeared and con- 
fessed that she had "of her own motion and consent, 



90 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

voluntarily changed, at confirmation, the name of her 
infant son to Edward, who when baptized was named 
Henr}', for which she submitted to penance. " The 
penance enjoined was to make a pilgrimage to the 
famous Rood of Grace, at the neighboring abbey of 
Boxlc}', and to carry in procession on five Lord's days, 
a lighted taper which she was to offer to the image 
of the Blessed Virgin. 

THE PAUCITY OF NAMES. 

There were no Scripture names in England when 
the Conqueror took possession; even in Normandy 
they had appeared but a generation or two before 
William came over. If any are found in the old Eng- 
lish period, the3^ were undoubtedly ecclesiastical titles, 
adopted at ordination. Greek and Latin saints were 
equally' unnoticed. 

Before many generations had passed, Bartholo- 
mew, Simon, Peter, Philip, Thomas, Nicholas, John 
and Elias, had engrossed a third of the male popula- 
tion; yet Domesday Book has no Philip, no Thomas, 
only one Nicholas; and but a springling of Johns. It 
was not long before Jack and Jill took the place of 
Godric and Godgivu as representative of the English 
sexes, yet Jack was from the bible and Jill from the 
saintlj' calendar. 

Without entering into a deep discussion, it may 
be said that the great mass of the old English names 
had gone down before the year 1200 had been reached. 
Those that survived only held on for bare existence. 
From the moment of William's edvent, the names of 
the Normans began to prevail He brought in Bible 
names. Saint names, and his own Teutonic names. 
The old English names bowed to them, and disap- 
peared. 

A curious result quickly followed. From the year 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 91 

1150 to 1550, four hundred years in round numbers, 
there was a very much smaller dictionary of English 
personal names than there had been for four hundred 
3^ears before, and than there has been in the four hun- 
dred 3'ears since. The Norman list was really a small 
one, and 3'et it took possession of the whole of Great 
Britain. 

A consequence of this was the Pet-name Epoch . 
In everj' community of one hundred Englishmen about 
the 3^ear 1300, there would be an average of twenty 
Johns and fifteen Williams; then would follow Thomas, 
Bartholomew, Nicholas, Philip, Simon, Peter and Isaac 
from the Scriptures; and Richard, Robert, Walter, Guy, 
Henr}-, Roger and Baldwin from the Teutonic list. 
Of female names, Matilda, Isabella and Emma were 
first favorites; and Cecilia, Catharine, Margaret and 
Gillian came closclv upon their heels. Behind these, 
again, lollowed a fairly familiar number of names of 
either sex, some from the Teuton, some from the He- 
brew, some from the Greek and Latin Church, but, 
when all told, not a large category. 

This is not enough, for in common parlance it was 
not likely the full name would be used. Besides, there 
might be two, or even three Johns in the same family. 
So late as March, 1545, the will of John Parnell de 
Gj^rton runs: 

"Alice, m^' wife, and Old John, my son, to occupy 
my farm together, till Old John marries; Young John, 
ray son, shall have Brenlaj^'s land plowed and sowed 
at Old John's cost. " 

The register of Rab\', Leicestershire, has this entry : 

"1559. Item: 29th da^'- of August was John, 
and John Picke, the children of Xtopher and Anne, 
baptized. 

"Item: the 31st of August the same John and 
John were buried. " . 



92 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

Mr. Burns, who quotes these instances in his "His- 
tor\^ of Parish Registers," adds that at this same 
time "one John Barker had three sons named John 
Barker, and two daughters named Margaret Barker." 

If the same family had but one name for the house- 
hold we may imagine the difficulty when this one name 
was also popular throughout the village. The diffi- 
culty was naturall}^ solved by, firsth^ the adoption 
of nick forms; secondly, the addition of pet desinences. 
Thus Emma became by the one practice simple Emm, 
by the other Emmott; and any number of boys in a 
small community might be entered in a register as 
Bartholomew, and yet preserve their individuality in 
work-a-day life by bearing such names as Bat, Bate, 
Batty, Bartle, Bartelot, Batcock, Batkin, and Toll\% 
or Tholly. In a word, these several lorms of Bar- 
tholomew were treated as so many separate proper 
names. 

It was, of course, impossible for Englishmen and 
English w^omen to maintain their individuality on 
these terms. Various methods to secure a personality 
arose. The surname was adopted, and there were 
John Atte-wood, John the Wheelwright, John the Bigg, 
and John Richard's son, in every community. Among 
the middle and lower classes these did not become 
hereditary until so late as 1450 or 1500. 

This is easilj' proved. In the wardrobe accounts 
for Edward IV, 1480, occur the following items: 

"John Poyntmaker, for pointing of XI dozen 
points of silk pointed with agelettes laton. 

"Jehn Carter, for carnage away of a grete loode 
of robeux that was left in the strete. 

"To a laborer called Rychard Gardyner for work- 
ing in the gard3'ne. 

"To Alice Shapster for making and washing xxiiii 
sherts, and xxiii stomachers." Shapster is a feminine 



GENEALOGY. 93 

form of Shapper or Shaper — one who shaped or cut 
out cloths for garments. 

'All these several individuals, having no particular 
surname, took or received one from the occupation 
they temporarily followed. 



GENEALOGY. 

None of the sciences is less generally studied than 
that of Genealogy. Like all the others, though dry 
and repellant at first, when perseveringly followed out 
it becomes, in the research, full of interest, and pro- 
ductive of great results. 

An account of the origin, descent and relations of 
families is often a principal auxiliary to the true ap- 
preciation of history. In treating of persons who 
have distinguished themselves in their countr3^'s an- 
nals, not onh' are all those actions of their lives which 
have a bearing upon the character of the age in which 
they lived, or the well-being of the nation and com- 
munity to which they belonged, to be considered, but 
their own family and personal extraction, standing 
and descent. 

The genealogist confines himself to tracing family 
lineages, or the course of succession in particular fami- 
lies. That is his peculiar department. He leaves to 
the annalist the chronicling of events in the order of 
their occurrence, and to the historian the filling up of 
the details and circumstances to which these dry facts 
refer, and the description of the causes from which 
thev spring, as well as the consequences to which they 
lead. The sole purpose and pursuit of the historian 
is to be able to show "Who is Who" and to distinguish 
those who are somebody from those who are nobod3^ 

The principal nomenclature of genealogy is as 
follows : 



94 HERALDRY. 

All persons descended from a common ancestor con- 
stitute a famiW. 

A series of persons so descended is called a line.' 

A line is either direct or collateral. 

The direct line is divided into the ascending and 
descending. 

The projenitors are father, grandfather, etc. ; the 
other ascendants not in a directline are called ancestors. 

The descendants are son, grandson, etc. ; the other 
descendants not in a direct line are generally termed 
Posterity. 

The Collateral comprehended all those which unite 
in a common projenitor. 

Some affect to hold in contempt the stud^^ of suc- 
cession of families. Others undervalue it, without being 
fully aware of the importance of genealogical research. 

There are some people, sa3's Dr. Lindsay Alexan- 
der, in his "Life of Dr. Wardlaw, " who say they 
attach no importance to a man's descent, or to family 
honors, and despise those who do. Perhaps they may 
be sincere, but their judgment in this matter is cer- 
tainly erroneous, and their feeling unnatural. "The 
glor3' of children, " says the wisest of men, "are their 
fathers;" and a honorable descent should be highly 
valued. 



HERALDRY. 

Heraldic devices, trul^^ so called, made their first 
appearance in Europe in the middle of the twelfth 
century ; and about one hundred years later Heraldry 
became a science in high repute, without being able to 
trace its intermediate progress, or discover the names 
of those who first laid down its laws, or subsequently 
promulgated them. The earliest Heraldic document of 
which even a copy has come down to us is a roll of 



HERALDRY. 9 



n 



arms, that is to say, a catalogue of the armorial bear- 
ings of the king of England, and the principal barons, 
knights, etc., in the reign of Henr3' III; and, from in- 
ternal evidence, supposed to have been originally com- 
piled between the 3'ears 124-X)— 124<5. This transcript 
w^as made by Glover, Somerset Herald, in 1586, and 
is preserved in the College of Arms. Other rolls are 
to be found both there and in the British Museum, of 
nearly the same date, but none earlier; and no work 
explanatory of the science has been 3'et discovered of 
a period anterior to the reign of Edward III. In the 
reign of Henry III, armorial ensigns had become hered- 
itar}', marks of cadenc\' distinguished the various 
members of a family, and the majority of the present 
Heraldic terms were already in existence. 

THE USE OF ARMS 

At that period was to distinguish x^ersons and prop- 
erty', and record descent and alliance, and no modern 
invention has 3-et been found to supersede it. For this 
reason alone, as we have remarked elsewhere, of all 
ancient usages it is one of the least likely to become 
obsolete. Hundreds of persons ma3^ be entitled to the 
same initials, ma3' possess precise^ the same name ; 
but onh' the members of a particular family can law- 
fulh' bear certain armorial ensigns, and the various 
branches of that family have their separate differences 
to distinguish one from the other. After the lapse of 
centuries, the date of a building or the name of its 
founder or ancient possessor, ma3^ be ascertained at 
the present da3', through the accidental preservation 
of a sculptured coat of arms or heraldic encaustic tile ; 
and the careful stud3^ of earh' rolls of arms enables 
the historian to discover matrimonial alliances and 
famih' connections, of which no Avritten record has 
been found; and thereb3" not onl3' to complete the 



96 HERALDRY. 

very imperfect genealogies ofman}^ of the bravest and 
wisest of English nobility- and gentr3', but also to ac. 
count for sundry acts, both public and private, the 
motives for which have been misunderstood, or alto- 
gether unknown to the biographer or the historian. 



VARIOUS SORTS OF ARMS . 

Arms are not only granted to individuals and fam- 
ilies, but also to cities, corporate bodies, and learned 
societies. 

Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty are properly the 
arms of the kings or sovereigns of the territories they 
govern, which are also regarded as the arms of the 
State. Thus the Lions of England and the Russian 
Eagle are the arms of the Kings of England and the 
Emperors of Russia, and cannot be properly altered 
by a change of dynasty. 

Arms of Pretension are those of kingdoms, prov- 
inces, or territories to which a prince or lord has some 
claim, and which he adds to his own, though the king- 
doms or territories are governed by a foreign king or 
lord ; thus the Kings of England for many ages quar- 
tered the arms of France in their escutcheon as the 
descendants of Edward III, who claimed that king- 
dom, in right of his mother, a French princess. 

Arms of Concession are arms granted by sovereigns 
as the reward of virtue, valor or extraordinai'y ser- 
vice. All arms granted to subjects were originally 
conceded by the Sovereign. 

Arms of Community are those of bishoprics, cities, 
universities, academies, societies and corporate bodies. 

Arms of patronage are such as governors of prov- 
inces, lords of manors, etc., add to their famih^ arms 
as a token of their supcriorit3', right jurisdiction. 



HERALDRY. 97 

Arms of Famih-, or paternal arms, are such as are 
hereditary and belong to one particular family-, which 
none others have a right to assume, nor can they do 
so without rendering themselves guilty of a breach of 
the laws of honor, punishable by the Earl Marshal 
and the Kings-at-Arms. The assumption of arms has, 
however, become so common that little notice is taken 
of it at the present time. 

Arras of Alliance are those gained bj^ marriage. 
' Arms of Succession are such as are taken up by 
those who inherit certain estates by bequest, entail, 
or donation. 

THE SHIELD. 

The shield contains the field or ground whereon 
are represented the charges or figures that form a coat 
of arms. 




PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 99 



PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Within the past few 3'ears there has been a remark- 
able movement in the United States, which has re- 
sulted in the formation of many patriotic hereditary 
societies of large membership, with chapters in every 
State in the Union, Those only are eligible to mem- 
bership, who can prove their descent from an ancestor 
of Colonial or Revolutionar\' times, trom an officer or 
soldier or seaman of the various wars, from a pilgrim 
in the Ma3-flower, an early Huguenot emigrant, etc. 
These societies bring men and women of like traditions 
together, and organize them in an effective way for 
acrion. The action contemplated is patriotic — never 
religious or related to party politics. The general so- 
ciet3' from its headcjuarters issues charters to branch 
societies in the different States. Each State society 
forms an organized group of persons well known to 
each other, 153- name at least, and often personally. 

Certain of these societies have been very active in 
preserving old monuments, buildings, landmarks and 
historic documents, or in erecting tablets and monu- 
ments at historic places, or in marking the sites of 
battles or the graves of Revolutionar3' soldiers. Others 
have founded prizes to be given annually to school 
children for essa3^s on events in American history. 
Others, again, formall3' celebrate the nation's anni- 
versaries. All of them foster patriotism and historical 
research, and teach organization — the sinking of indi- 
vidual desire in a common lo3'alt3'. There are proba- 
bl3' too manv such organizations at present, and more 
are forming. The weaker societies will, however, die ; 
and those that remain will represent some real aspir- 
ation of their members. 



iOO PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 

As the entrance to such societies is through descent 
from some ancestor, geneaology has been powerfully 
stimulated, and thousands of famil^^ records have been 
examined and summarized in print. Our Colonial and 
Revolutionary history has been studied in its details, 
which is the only way to fully realize it. The men of 
to-day have been connected with Colonial and Revo- 
lutionary times. The children of the coming century 
will find their ancestral records all prepared for them, 
and they will be face to face with high standards of 
duty and effort. 



THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS, 

Instituted in 1892, is open to lineal male descendants 
of civil or military officers, or of soldiers, who served 
the colonies between May 13, 1607 (Jamestown) and 
April 19, 1775 (Lexington). 

THE SOCIETY OF AAIERICAN WARS, 

Founded in 1897, includes the lineal male descendants 
of soldiers or civil officers from 1607 to 1783, and of 
officers of the War of 1812, of the War with Mexico, 
and of the Civil War. 

THE ORDER OF THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF 

AMERICA , 

Founded in 1896, is open to any male citizen of the 
United States who is llnealh^ descended in the male 
line of either parent from an ancestor who settled in 
any of the colonies between 1607 and 1657, and whose 
intermediate ancestors adhered as patriots to the cause 
of the colonists throughout the War of the Revolution. 



PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 101 

THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, 

Instituted in 1783 is composed of descendants of offi- 
cers of the Revolutionary army, usually the eldest male 
direct descendant. 

THE AZTEC CLUB, 

Founded in 1847, is open to the descendants of offi- 
cers of the army who served in Mexico, usually the eld- 
est male direct descendant. 

THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

Founded in 1865, is composed of officers who served in 
the War of the Rebellion, tmd of their eldest direct male 
lineal descendants. 

THE SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812, ORGANIZED IN 1814, 

Is composed of lineal male descendants of soldiers or 
sailors of the War of 1812. 

THE NAVAL ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Instituted in 1890, is open to officers of the navy who 
have served in war, and to their male descendants, etc.; 
and also to enlisted men who have received a Medal 
of Honor from the United States for bravery. 

THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 

Instituted in 1875, must prove their descent from a Rev- 
olutionary ancestor. The Sons of the Revolution (1876) 
is organized on the same basis. It is expected that 
these two large societies will be consolidated. 

THE HOLLAND SOCIETY, 

Incorporated in 1775, is composed of the direct male 
descendants of Hollanders resident in America before 
1675. 



102 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 

THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 

Organized in 1883, admits descendants of Huguenots 
who came to America before 1787. 

THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, 

Organized in 1891, is composed of women descended 
from an ancestor who held an office of importance in 
the colonies previous to 1750. 

There are various other societies for women, of 
which the most important are Daughters of the Am- 
erican Revolution, founded in 1890 ; and Daughters of 
the Revolution, founded in 1891 ; and there is also a 
society of Children of the American Revolution, founded 
in 1895. 

THE SOCIETY OF "MAYFLOWER" DESCENDANTS, 

Organized in 1894, includes male and female descend- 
ants of the passengers of the Mayflower (1620). 

MEDAL OF HONOR LEGION. 

The one decoration that is given bj^ the government 
of the United States is the Medal of Honor, which was 
authorized b\^ acts of Congress of 1862 and 1863 to 
be awarded to officers and enlisted men of the army for 
"gallantry in action and soldier-like qualities during the 
present insurrection." It has been bestowed onh' for 
conspicuous services. For example the Twent3'-seventh 
Regiment of Maine Infantry was present on the field 
where the battle of Gett\'sburg was fought, and its term 
of service had expired. The entire regiment, to a man, 
volunteered to remain on the field and fight the battle; 
and for this gallant conduct a medal was awarded to 
each officer and man. A Naval Medal of Honor is also 
awarded by the government and it is highh' prized. 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN 



103 



FORE-NAJVIES OF IVIEN. 

AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 



Aaron : Lofty ; inspired. 

Abdiel ; The servant of God. 

Abel : Breath, vanity. 

Abiathar: Father of plenty. 

Abiel: Father of strength. 

Abiezer: Father of help. 

Abijah: To whom Jehovah is a 
father. 

Abner: Father of light. 

Abraham: Father of a multitude. 

Abram: Father of elevation. 

Absalom: Father of peace. 

Adam: Man; earth-man; red earth. 

Adiel: The ornament of God. 

Adin, or Adino: Tender; delicate; 
soft. 

Adolph or Adolphus: Noble wolf; 
i.e., noble hero. 

Adoniram: Lord of height. 

Alaric: All-rich; or, noble ruler. 

Albert: Nobly bright, illustrious. 

Alexander: A defender of men. 

Alfred: Elf in council; good coun- 
sellor. 

Algernon: With whiskers. 

Allan: Corruption of rElienus. 

Almon: Hidden. 

Alonzo: Same as Alphonso. 

Alpheus: Exchange. 

Alphonso: All-ready; willing, 

Alvah, or Alvan : Iniquity. 

Alvin or Alwin: Beloved by all. 

Amariah: Whom Jehovah prom- 
ised. 

Amasa: A burden. 

Ambrose: Immortal; divine. 

Ammi: My people. 

Amos: Strong; courageous. 

Andrew; Strong, manly. 



Andronicus: A conqueror of men- 
Anselm, or Ansel: Protection of 

man. 
Anthony or Antony: Priceless; 

praiseworthy. 
Apollos: Of Apollo. 
Archelaus: Ruler of the people. 
Archibald: Extremely bold; or, 

holy prince. 
Ariel: Lion of God; valiant for 

God. 
Aristarchus: A good prince. 
Arnold: Strong as an eagle. 
Artemas: Gift of Artemis, or 

Minerva. 
Arthur: High, noble. 
Asa: Healer; physician. 
Asahel : Made of God. 
Asaph: A collector. 
Asarelah: Upright to God. 
Ashbel: Fire of Bel. 
Asher: Happy, fortunate. 
Ashur: Black, blackness. 
Athanasius: Immortal. 
Athelstan: Noble stone. 
Aubrey: Ruler of spirits. 
Augustin, Augustine, or Austin: 

Belonging to Augustus. 
Augustus: Exalted, imperial. 
Aurelius: Golden, 
Azariah: Helped of the Lord. 

Baldwin: Bold, courageous friend. 

Baptist: A baptizer; purifier. 

Barachias: Whom Jehovah has 
blessed, 

Bardolph: A distinguished helper. 

Barnabas or Barnaby: Son of con- 
solation, 



104 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN, 



Bartholomew: A warlike son. 
Barzillai: Iron of the Lord; firm; 

true. 
Basil: Kinglj; royal, 
Benedict: Blessed. 
Benjamin: Son of the right hand. 
Benoni: Son of grief or trouble. 
Beriah: In calamity. 
Bernard: Bold as a bear. 
Bertram: Bright raven. 
Bethuel: Man of God. 
Bezaleel: In the shadow of God. 
Boniface: A benefactor. 
Brian: Strong. 
Bruno: Brown. 

Cadwallader: Battle-arranger. 

Caesar: Hairj; or blue-eyed. 

Cain: Gotten, or acquired. 

Caleb: A dog. 

Calvin: Bald. 

Cecil: Dim-sighted. 

Cephas: A stone. 

Charles: Strong; nianlj ; noble- 
spirited. 

Christian: A believer in Christ, 

Christopher: Bearing Christ. 

Clarence: Illustrious. 

Claudius, or Claude: Lame. 

Clement: Mild-tempered, merciful. 

Conrad: Bold in council; resolute. 

Constant: Firm, faithful. 

Constantine: Resolute, firm. 

Cornelius: Horn. 

Crispin, Crispus, or Crispian: Hav- 
ing curly hair. 

Cuthbert: Noted splendor. 

Cyprian: Of Cyprus. 

Cyril: Lordly. 

Cyrus: The sun. 

Dan: A judge. 

Daniel: A divine judge. 

Darius: Perserver. 



David: Beloved. 
Demetrius: Belonging to Ceres. 
Denis, or Dennis: Same Dionysius. 
Dexter: The right hand. 
Dionysius: Belonging to Dionysos, 

or Bacchus the god of wine. 
Donald: Proud chief. 
Duncan: Brown chief. 

Eben: A stone. 

Ebenezer: The stone of help, 

Edgar: A javelin (or protector) of 

property. 
Edmund: Defender of property. 
Edward: Guardian of property. 
Edwin: Gainer of property. 
Egbert: The sword's brightness; 

famous with the sword. 
Elbert: Same as Albert. 
Eldred: Terrible. 
Eleazer: To whom God is a help. 
Eli: A foster son. 
Eliab: God is his father. 
Eliakim: Whom God sets up. 
Ellas: The same as Elijah. 
Elihu: God the Lord. 
Elijah: Jehovah is my God. 
Eliphalet: God of salvation. 
Elisha: God my salvation. 
Elizur: God is my rock. 
Ellis: A variation of Elisha. 
Elmer: Noble, excellent. 
EInathan: God gave. 
Emmanuel: God with us, 
Emery, Emmery or Emory: Pow- 

ful, rich. 
Eneas: Praised, commended, 
Enoch: Consecrated, dedicated, 
Enos: Man. 

Ephraim: Very fruitful. 
Erasmus: Lovely; worthy to be 

loved. 
Erastus: Lovely, amiable. 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



105 



Eric: Rich, brave, powerful. 
Eraest, Ernestus: Earnest. 
Esau: Covered with hair. 
Ethan: Firmness, strength. 
Eugene: Well-born ; noble. 
Eusebius: Pious, godlv. 
Eustace: Healthy, strong; standing 

firm. 
Evan: Same as John. 
Everard: Strong as a wild boar. 
Ezekiel: Strength of God. 
Ezra: Help. 

Felix: Happj'; prosperous. 
Ferdinand or Fernando: Brave, 

valiant. 
Festus: Jovful, glad. 
Francis: Free. 
Frank, Franklin: Contraction of 

Francis. 
Frederic or Frederick: Abounding 

in peace, peaceful ruler. 

Gabriel: Man of God. 
Gad: A troop, or company, 
Gaius: Rejoiced. 
Gamaliel: Recompense of God. 
Geoffrey: Same as Godfrey. 
George: A landholder, husband- 
man. 
Gerald: Strong with the spear. 
Gershom: An exile. 
Gideon: A destroyer. 
Gilbert: Yellow-bright; famous. 
Giles: A kid. 
Given: Gift of God. 
Goddard: Pious, virtuous. 
Godfrey: At peace with God. 
Godwin: Good in war. 
Gregory: Watchful. 
Griffith: Having great faith. 
Gustavus: A warrior, hero. 
Guy: A leader. 



Hannibal: Grace of Baal. 

Harold: A champion; general of 
an army. 

Heman: Faithful. 

Henry: The head or chief of a 
house. 

Herbert: Glory of the army. 

Hercules; Lordly fame. 

Herman: A warrior, 

Hezekiah: Strength cff the Lord. 

Hilary: Cheerful, merry, 

Hillel: Praise. 

Hiram: Most noble. 

Homer: A pledge, security. 

Horace, Horatio: Oak wood; or 
Avorthy to be loved. 

Hosea: Salvation. 

Howell: Sound, whole. 

Hubert: Bright in spirit; soul- 
bright. 

Hugh, or Hugo: Mind, spirit, soul. 

Humphrey : Protector of the home. 

Ichabod: The glory is departed, 
Ignatius: Ardent, fiery. 
Immanuel: Same as Emmanuel, 
Increase: Increase of faith. 
Ingram: Raven, 
Inigo: Same as Ignatius (Spanish 

form). 
Ira: Watchful. 
Isaac: Laughter. 
Isaian: Salvation of the Lord. 
Israel: A soldier of God, 
Ishmael: Afflicted her. 
Ithiel: God is with me, 
Ivan: Same as John (Russian 

form). 

Jabez: He will cause pain. 
Jacob: A supplanter, 
Jairus: He will enlighten. 
James: Same as Jacob. 



106 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



Japheth: Enlargement. 
Jared: Descent. 
^ason: A healer. 
Jasper: Treasure master. 
Javan: Claj, supple. 
Jedediah: Beloved of the Lord. 
Jeffrey: Same as Godfrey. 
Jeremiah, Jeremias, or Jerome: 

Exalted of the Lord. 
Jerome: Holy name. 
Jesse: Wealth. 
Jesus: Same as Joshua. 
Joab: Jehovah is his father. 
Job: Afflicted, persecuted. 
Joel: The Lord is God. 
John: The gracious gift of God. 
Jonah, or Jonas: A dove. 
Jonathan: Gift of Jehovah, 
Joseph: He shall add. 
"oshua: The Lord is welfare. 
Josiah or Josias: Given of the 

Lord, 
fotham: The Lord is upright. 
Judah: Praised. 
Julian: Sprung from, or belonging 

to Julius. 
Julius: Soft-haired. 
Justin, or Justus: Just. 

Kenelm: A defender of his kindred. 
Kenneth: A leader, commander. 

Laban: White. 

Lambert: Illustrious with landed 
possessions. 

Lancelot: A little angel; other- 
wise a little lance or warrior; or 
a servant. 

Laurence or Lawrence: Crowned 
with laurel. 

Lazarus: God will help. 

Leander: Lion man. 

Lebbeus: Praise. 



Lemuel: Created by God. 

Leonard: Strong, or brave as a 
lion. 

Leonidas: Lion-like. 

Leopold: Bold for the people. 

Levi: Adhesion. 

Lewis: Bold warrior. 

Linus: P laxen-haired. 

Lionel: Young lion. 

Lewellyn: Lightning. 

Loammi: Not my people. 

Lodowic: Same as Ludovic or 
Lewis. 

Lorenzo: same as Laurence (Span- 
ish and Italian form). 

Lot: A veil, covering. 

Louis: Same as Lewis. 

Lubin: Beloved friend. 

Lucian: Belonging to or sprung 
from Lucius. 

Lucius: Born at break of day. 

Ludovic: Same as Lewis. 

Luke: Light-giving. 

Luther: Illustrious warrior. 

Lycurgus: Wolf-driver. 

Madoc: Good, beneficent. 

Malachi: Messenger of the Lord. 

Manasseh: Forgetfulness. 

Marcellus: Diminutive of Marcus] 

Marcius: Same as Marcus. 

Marcus or Mark: A hammer, other- 
wise, a male, or sprung from 
Mars. 

Marmaiuke: A mighty noble. 

Martin: Of Mars; warlike. 

Matthew: Gift of Jehovah. 

Matthias: Gift of the Lord. 

Maurice: Corruption of Amabuc. 
(himmelreich); the kingdom of 
heaven. 

Maximillian: The greatest Aemili- 
anus. 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



107 



Meredith: Sea-protector. 
Micah: Who is like the Lord? 
Michael: Who is like to God? 
Miles: A soldier. 
Morgan: A seaman, a dweller on 

the sea. 
Moses: Drawn out of the water. 

Naaman: Pleasantness. 
Nahum: Consolation. 
Napoleon: Lion of the forest-dell. 
Nathan: Given, a gift. 
Nathanael, or Nathaniel: The gift 

of God. 
Neal or Neil: Dark, swarthy; 

otherwise (Celtic) chief. 
Nehemiah: Comfort of the Lord. 
Nicholas or Nicolas: Victory of 

the people. 
Noah: Rest, comfort. 
Noel: (Dies Natalis) Christmas; 

Born on Christmas Day. 
Norman: A Northman, native of 

Normandy. 

Obadiah: Servant of the Lord. 

Obed: Serving God. 

Octavius or Octavus: The eighth- 
born. 

Oliver: An olive tree. 

Orestes: A mountaineer, 

Orlando: Same as Rowland. 

Oscar: Bounding warrior. 

Osmond or Osmund: Protection 
of God. 

Oswald or Oswold: Power of God. 

Owen: Lamb, otherwise, .young 
warrior. 

Ozias: Strength of the Lord. 

Patrick: Noble; a patrician. 
Paul, Paulinus, or Paulus: Little- 
Peleg: Division. 
Peregrine: A stranger. 



Peter: A rock. 
Philander: A lover of men. 
Philemon: Loving, friendly. 
Philip: A lover of horses. 
Phineas, or Phinehas: Mount of 

brass. 
Pius: Pious, dutiful. 
Polycarp: Much fruit. 
Ptolemy: Mighty in war. 

Quintin: The fifth. 

Ralph: Same as Rodolphus. 
Randal: House-wolf. 
Raphael: The healing of God. 
Raymond, or Raymund: Wise pro 

tection. 
Reginald: Strong ruler. 
Reuben: Behold, a son. 
Reuel: Friend of God. 
Reynold: Same as Reginald. 
Richard: Rich-hearted, powerful. 
Robert: bright in fame. 
Roderic or Roderick: Rich in 

fame. 
Rodolph or Rodolphus: Famous 

wolf or hero. 
Roger: Famous with the spear. 
Roland or Rowland: Fame of the 

land. 
Rudolph or Rudolphus: Variations 

of Rodolphus. 
Rufus: Red, red-haired. 
Rupert: Same as Robert. 

Salmon: Shadv. 

Samson, or Sampson: Splendid 

sun, great joy and felicity. 
Samuel: Heard of God; asked for 

of God. 
Saul: Asked for. 
Seba: Eminent. 

Sebastian: Venerable, reverend. 
Septimus: The seventh born. 



108 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 



Sereno or Serenus: Calm, peace- 
ful. 

Seth: Appointed. 

Shadrach: Rejoicing in the way. 

Sigismund: Conquering, protec- 
tion. 

Silas: A contraction of Silvanus. 

Silvanus: Living in a wood. 

Silvester: Bred in the country 
rustic. 

Simeon, Simon: Hearing with ac- 
ceptance. 

Solomon: Peaceable, 

Stephen: A crown. 

Swithin: Strong friend. 

Sylvanus: Same as Silvanus. 

Sylvester: Same as Silvester. 

Tertius: the third born. 

Thaddeus: The wise. 

Theobald: Bold for the people. 

Theodore: The gift of God. 

Theodoric: Powerful among the 
people. 

Theophilus: A lover of God. 

Theron: A hunter. 

Thomas: A twin, 

Timothy: Fearing God, 

Titus: Honorable. 

Tobiah or Tobias: Distinguished 
of the Lord. 

Tristram: Grave, pensive, melan- 
choly, sorrowful, sad, 

Tybalt: Same as Theobald. 



Ulysses: A hater. 

Urban: Of the town; courteous; 

polished. 
Uriah: Light of the Lord. 
Urian: A husbandman. 
Uriel: Light of God. 

Valentine: Strong, healthy, pow- 
erful. 
Vicesimus: The twentieth born. 
Victor: A conqueror. 
Vincent: Conquering. 
Vivian: Lively. 

Walter: Ruling the roast. 

William: Resolute helmet, or hel- 
met of resolution; defence; pro- 
tector, 

Winfred: Win-peace, 

Zabdiel: Gift of God, 

Zaccheus: Innocent, pure, 

Zachariah, or Zachery: Remem- 
bered of the Lord, 

Zadok: Just. 

Zebediah or Zebedee: Gift of the 
Lord. 

Zebina: Bought. 

Zebulon: Dwelling. 

Zedekiah: Justice of the Lord. 

Zelotes: A zealot. 

Zei.as: Gift of Jupiter. 

Zephaniah: Hid of the Loral 



FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 



109 



FORE-NAMES OE WOMEN. 



AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 



Abigail: Mj father's joy. 

Achsa: Anklet. 

Ada: The same as Edith. 

Adela, Adelaide, or Adeline: Of 
noble birth, a princess. 

Agatha: Good, kind. 

Agnes: Chaste, pure. 

Alberta: Feminine of Albert. 

Alethea: Truth. 

Alexandra, or Alexandrina: Femi- 
nine of Alexander. 

Alice, or Alicia: Same as Adeline. 

Almira: Lofty; a princess. 

Althea: A healer. 

Amabel: Loveable. 

Amanda: Worthy to be loved. 

Amelia: Busy, energetic. 

Amy: Beloved. 

Angelica, Angelina: Lovely, an- 
gelic. 

Ann, Anna, or Anne: Grace. 

Annabella: Feminine of Hannibal. 

Annette: Variation of Anne. 

Antoinette: Diminutive of Anto- 
nia. 

Antonia,or Antonina: Inestimable. 

Arabella: A fair altar; otherwise, 
corruption of Orabllia, a praying 
woman, 

Ariana: A corruption of Ariadne. 

Augusta: Feminine of Augustus. 

Aurelia: Feminine of Aurelius, 

Aurora: Morning redness; fresh; 
brilliant. 

Azubah; Deserted. 

Barbara: Foreign; strange. 
Beatrice,6r Beatrix : Making happy. 



Belinda: From Bella, Isabella, Eliz- 
abeth. 

Benedicta; Feminine of Benedic- 
tus. 

Bertha: Bright; beautiful. 

Betsey: A corruption of Elizabeth. 

Blanch, or Blanche: White. 

Bona: Good. 

Bridget: Strength. 

Camilla: Attendant at a sacrifice 
Caroline: Feminine of Carolus or 
Charles. 

Cassandra- One who inflames with 

love. 
Catharina, Catharine, or Catherine 

Pure. 
Cecilia or Cecily: Feminine oi 

Cecil. 
Celestine: Heavenly. 
Celia: Feminine of Coelus, 
Charlotte: Feminine of Charles. 
Chloe: A green herb; blooming. 
Christiana, or Christina: Feminine 

of Christianus." 
Cicely: A variation of Celia. 
Clara: Bright, illustrious. 
Clarice, or Clarissa: A variation of 

Clara. 
Claudia: Feminine of Claudius. 
Clementina, or Clementine; Mild, 

gentle. 
Constance: Firm, constant. 
Cora: Maiden; a form of Corinna. 
Cornelia: Feminine of Cornelius. 
Cynthia: Belonging to Mount 

Cynthus. 



110 



FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Deborah: A bee. 

Delia: of Delos. 

Diana: Goddess. 

Diantha: Flower of Jove; a pink. 

Dinah: Judged. 

Dora: A variation of Dorothea. 

Dorcas: A gazelle. 

Dorinda: Same as Dorothea. 

Dorothea, or Dorothy: Gift of 

God. 
Drusilla: Dew watered. 

Edith: Happiness; otherwise rich 
gift. 

Edna: Pleasure. 

Eleanor, or Elinor: Light; same as 
Helen. 

Elisabeth, Elizabeth, or Eliza: Wor- 
shiper of God; consecrated to 
God. 

Ella: A contraction of Eleanor. 

Ellen: A diminutive of Eleanor. 

Elvira: White. 

Emeline, or Emmeline: Energetic, 
industrious. 

Emily, or Emma: Same as Eme- 
line. 

Ernestine: feminine and diminu- 
tive. 

Esther: A star; good fortune. 

Ethelind, or Ethelinda: Noble 
snake. 

Eudora: Good gift. 

Eugenia, or Eugenie: Feminine of 
Eugene. 

Eulalia: Fair speed. 

Eunice: Happy victory. 

Euphemia: Of good report. 

Eva: Same as Eve. 

Evangeline: Bringing glad news. 

Eve: Life. 

Evelina, or Eveline: Diminutive 

of Eva. 



Fanny: Diminutive of Frances. 

Faustina: Fortunate; lucky. 

Felicia: Happiness. 

Fidelia: Faithful. 

Flora: Flowers ; goddess of flowers 

and spring. 
Florence: Blooming; flourishing. 
Frances: Feminine of Francis. 
Frederica: Feminine of Frederick 

Georgiana, or Georgina: Feminine 

of George. 
Geraidine: Feminine of Gerald. 
Gertrude: Spear-maideh. 
Grace or Gratia: Grace, favor. 
Griselda: Stone; heroine. 

Hannah: Same as Anna. 

Harriet, or Harriot: Feminine of 

Henry. 
Helen, or Helena: Light. 
Henrietta: Feminine diminutive 

of Henry. 
Hephzibah: My delight is in her. 
Heiter, or Hestha: Same as Esther. 
Hilaria: Feminine of Hilary. 
Honora, or Honorfa: Honorable. 
Hortensia: A lady gardener. 
Huldah: A weasel. 

Ida: Happy. 
Inez: Same as Agnes. 
Irene: Peaceful. 

Isabel, or Isabella: Same as Eliza- 
beth. 

Jane, or Janet: Feminine of John. 
Jaqueline, Feminine of James. 
Jean, Jeanne, or Jeannette: Same 

as Jane or Joan. 
Jemima: A dove. 
Jerusha: Possessed, married. 
Joan, Joanna, Johanna: Feminine 

of John. 



PORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Ill 



Josepha, or Josephine: Feminine 

of Joseph, 
Joyce: Sportive 
Judith: Praised, 
Julia: Feminine of Julius. 
Juliana: Feminine of Julian, 
Juliet: Diminutive of Julia. 
Justina: Feminine of Justin. 

Katharine, or Katherine: Same as 

Catharine, 
Keturah: Incense, 
Keziah: Cassia. 

Laura: A laurel. 

Laurinda: A variation of Laura. 

Lavinia: Of Latium. 

Leonora: Same as Eleanor. 

Letitia: Happiness, 

Leitice: A variation of Letitia, 

Lillian, or Lilj: A lily, 

Lois: Good; desirable, 

Lorinda: A variation of Laurfnda. 

Louisa, or Louise: Feminine of 
Louis. 

Lucia: Same as Lucy, 

Lucinda: Same as Lucy. 

Lucrece, or Lucretia: Gain; other- 
wise, light. 

Lucy: Feminine of Lucius. 

Lydia: A native of Lydia. 

Mabel: A contraction of Amabel. 
Madeline: French form of Magde- 

lene, 
Magdalene: A native of Magdala. 
Marcella: Feminine of Marcellus, 
Marcia: Feminine of Marcius. 
Margaret: A pearl. 
Maria: Same as Mary, 
Marianne: A compound of Mary 

and Anne. 

Marion: A French form of Mary. 



Martha: The ruler of the house; 
otherwise, sorrovirful, melancholy. 

Mary: Bitter; otherwise, their re- 
bellion; or, star of the east. 

Mathilda, or Matilda: Mighty bat- 
tle-maid ; heroine. 

Maud: A contraction of Matilda; 
or Madalene. 

May: Month of May; or Mary. 

Mehetabel, Mehitabel: Benefited 
of God. 

Melicent: Sweet-singer ; otherwise 
working strength. 

Melissa: A bee, 

Mildred: Mild threatener. 

Miranda: Admirable. 

Miriam: Same as Mary. 

Myra: She who weeps or laments. 

Nancy: A familiar form of Anne. 
Nora: A contraction of Helenora; 
Honora; and of Leonora. 

Octavia: Feminine of Octavius. 
Olive, or Olivia: An olive, 
Ophelia: A serpent. 
Olympia: Heavenly, 

Paula, Paulina, or Pauline: Femi- 
nine of Paulus or Paul. 
Penelope: A weaver. 
Persis: A Persian woman. 
Phebe, or Phoebe: Pure, radiant^ 
Philippa: Feminine of Philip. 
Phillis, Phyllis: A green bough, 
Polly: A diminutive of Mary. 
Priscilla: Advanced in years. 
Prudence: In Latin Prudentia. 

Rachel: An ewe. 

Rebecca, or Rebekah: of enchant- 
ing beauty. 
Rhoda: A rose. 
Rosa: A rose. 



112 



FORE-NAMBS OP WOMEN. 



Rosabel, or Rosabella: A fair rose. 
Rosalia, or Rosalie: Little and 

blooming rose. 
Rosalind: Beautiful as a rose. 
Rosamond: Horse protection; or 

famous protection. 
Roxana: Dawn of day. 
Ruth: Beauty. 

Sabina: A Sabine woman. 

Sabrina: The river Severn. 

Salome: Peaceful. 

Salva: Safe. 

Sara, or Sarah, A princess. 

Selina: Parsley; otherwise moon 

Serina: Feminine of Serenus, or 

Sereno. 
Sibyl, or Sibylla: A prophetess. 
Sophia: Wisdom. 
Sophronia Of a sound mind. 
Stella: A star. 

Stephana: Feminine of Stephen. 
Susan, Susanna, or Susannah: A 



Tabitha: A gazelle. 
Theodora: Feminine of Theodore. 
Theodosia: The gift of God. 
Theresa: Carrying ears of corn. 
Thomasa, or Thomasine: Femi- 
nine of Thomas. 
Tryphena: Delicate; luxurious. 
Tryphosa: Luxurious, dainty. 

Ulica: Rich. 
Urania: Heavenly. 
Ursula: She-bear. 

Valeria: Feminine of Valerius. 
\ ictoria: Victory, or feminine of 

Victor. 
Viola: A violet. 
Virginia: Virgin; pure. 
Vivian: Lively ; cheerful. 
Wilhelmina: Feminine of Wilhelm, 

German form of William. 
Winifred: A lover of peace. 
Zenobia: Having life from Jupiter. 




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A. 

PATERNAL HEAD f a^d material ] qF THE HOUSEHOT.D. 

My full name is: 

Place of my birth : Date of my birth : 

School attended : 

Residence: Occupation: 

Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 

SS' Informatioa of my forefathers given on pares B, D, F. 

Place of my marriage : Date of my marrinrje : 

Full maiden name of my wife : 

Place of her birth : Date of her birth : 

School attended: 

Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 

SS' Information of her forefathers given on pages C, E, G. 

Christian Names of Our Children : Full Names to Whom Married : 

1st Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

2nd Child: Married to : 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

3rd Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

4th Child Married to: 

_ Born- T\„>. Date of marriage: 

5th Child: . Married to: 

Born: P'pd: Date of marriage: 

6th Child- Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

4®" When married further information given on pages H, I, J. 



B. 

MY PARENTS. 



My father's full name is: 



Place of his birth: 




Bate of his blrlh: 


Residence: 




Occupation: 


Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 




Place of his death. 


. 


Date of his death : 


Place of their marriage: Date of their marriage : 


Full maiden name 


of his wife: 




Place of her birth : 




Date of her birth : 


Her attainments, traits of character, etc. : 




Place of her death. 


. 


Date of her death : 




MS" Information of her 


forefathers g-iven on pag-e F. 


Christian Names of Their Children: 

y.v/ Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriaffp: 


2nd Child: 




Married to : 




Died: 


Date of niarriape: 


3rd Child: 




.Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriape: 


4th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriape: 


5th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriape: 


6th Child: 




.Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Dite of marriape: 



c. 

MY WIFE'S PARENTS. 

My wife's father's full name is. 



Place of his birth: 




Date of his birth: 


Residence: 




Occupation: 


Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 




Place of his death. 




Date of his death: 


SSr Information of his : 

Place of their marriage: 


forefathers given on page E. 

Date of their marriage: 


Full maiden name 


of his wife: 




Place of her birth : 




Date of her birth: 


Her attainments, traits of character, etc. 







Place of her death 


% 


Date of her death: 


US' Information of her forefathers given on page G. 


Christian Names of Their Children: 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to : 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


2nd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


3rd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


Mh Child: 




Married to: ' 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage : 


5th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


6th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: ' 


Date of marriage: 



D. 

MY FATHER'S PARENTS. 

My Father's father's full name is: 



Place of his birth: 


Date of his birth: 


Residence : 


Occupation : 


ffis father's full name was : 


If is mother's full maiden name was: 


Place of his death : 


Date of his death: 


Place of their marriage: 


Date of their marriage: 


Full maiden name of his wife: 


Place of her birth : 


Date of her birth : 


Eer father's full name was:' 


Her mother's full maiden name was: 


Place of her death : 


Date of her death: 




Christian Names of Their Children : 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriaco: 


2nd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Dateof marriape: 


3rd Child: 


Married io: 


Born: Pied: 


Date of marriae-e: 


ith Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriae-e: 


5th Child: 


Marri'-d to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of.mnrriae'e: 


6th Child: 


■ Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 



E. 

MY WIFE'S FATHER'S PARENTS. 

My wife's Father s father's full name is: 

Place of his birth : Date of his birth : 

Residence: Occupation: 

His father s full name was: 

If is mother's full maiden name was: 

Place of h is dea th: Da te of h is dea th: 

Place of their marriage : Date of their marriage : 

Full maiden name of his icife: 

Place of her birth : Date of her birth : 

Her father's full name was: 

Her mother's fall maiden name iras: 

Place of her death : Date of her death : 

Christian Names of Their Children : Full Names to Whom Married: 

1st Child: Married to: 

Born: Dipd: Date of marriaee: 

2nd Child: Married to : 

Born: Died: Date of marriagre: 

3rd Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriage: 

4-th Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriag-e: 

5th Child: Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriaere: 

SthCJiiJdi Married to: 

Born: Died: Date of marriag-e: 



F. 

MY MOTHER'S PARENTS. 

My Mother's father's full name is: 



Place of his birth: 




Date of his birth: 


Residence: 




Occupation: 


ffis father's full name was: 


His mother'' s full maiden name was: 


Place of his death: 




Date of his death: 


Place of their marriage : 




Date of their marriage: 


Full maiden name of his wife: 


Place of her birth : 




Date of her birth : 


Her father's full name ims: 


Her mother's full maiden name was: 


Place of her death : 




Dale of tier death : 




Christian Names of Their Children: 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 




Died: 


Date of marriatre: 


2nd Child: 




Married to: 




Died: 


Date of niarriafre: 


3rd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriaire: 


4th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


5th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriafre: 


6th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriafre: 



G. 

MY WIFE'S MOTHER'S PARENTS. 

My wife's Mother's father's full name is: 



Place of his 


birth : 




Bate of his birth : 


Residence: 






Occupation : 


His fathers 


full name was 






His mother' i 


f full maiden name was: 




Place of his 


death: 




Bate of his death: 


Place of their marriage: 




Bate of their marriage : 


Full maiden 


name of his Wi 


ife: 




Place of her birth : 




Bate of her birth: 


Her father's 


full name was 






Her mother'} 


! full maiden name was: 




Place of her death : 




Bate of her death : 




Christi 
1st Child: 


ian Names of Th 


eir Children: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 
Married to : 






Died: 


Date of marriage: 


2nd Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of marriag-e; 


3rd Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of marriafre: 


4th Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


5th Child: 






Married to: 


Born: 




Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


6th Child: 






Married to: 


Born : 




Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 



RECORD OF MY - 

My th Child's full name is: 



H. 

■TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 



Flace of birth: 


Date of birth : 




School attended: 


Residence : 


Occupation : 




Traits of character, etc : 


Place of marriage: 


Date of marriage: 




Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 




School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 




Traits of character, etc.: 


Father's full name : 


Mother's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Tlieir Cliiidren: 

1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married : 

Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 




2nd Child: 


Married to: 




Born: . Died: 


Date of marriage: 




3rd Child: 


Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 




Jith Child: 


Married to: 




Bom: Died: 


Date of marriage: 




5th Child: 


Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 




6th Child: 


Married to: 




Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 





I. 

RECORD OF MY TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 

My th Child's full name is: 



Place of birth: 




Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 




Occupation : 


Traits of character, etc. : 


Place of marriage : 




Date of marriage : 


Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 




Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 




Occupation: 


Traits of character, etc. : 


Father's full name : 


Mother's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Their Children: 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married : 

Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of niarriape: 


2nd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


3rd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


4th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


5th Child: 




Married to: 


Born : 


Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


6th Child: 




Married to: 



Born: 



Died: Date of marriage: 



J. 

RECORD OF MY TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE, 

My ill Child's full name is: 



Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Traits of character, etc. : 


Place of marriage : 


Date of marriage: 


Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occuj)ation: 


Traits of character, etc. : 


Fathefs full name: 


Mother's full maiden name: 


• 


Christian Names of Their Children : 

1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom iVIarried: 

Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriatre: 


2nd Child: 


Married to : 


Born: l>ied: 


Date of marria^re: 


3rd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


4M Child: 


.Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of niarriape: 


5th Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of inarriaire: 


6th Child: 


Married in: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 



RECORD OF MY - 

My ..- th Child's full name is: 



K. 

-TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE, 



Place of birth: 


Date of birth: 


School all ended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Traits of character, etc. . 


Place of marriage : 


Date of marriage: 


Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Traits of character, etc. : 


** 


Fathefs full name: 


• 


Mother's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Their Children: 

1st Child: 


Full l^ames to Whom Married: 

Married to : 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriaere: 


2nd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


3rd Child: 


Married to: 




Date of marriajre: 


Uh Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 


5th Child: 


Married to : 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 


6th Child: 


Married to: 



Born: 



Died: 



Date of marriage: 



NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF RELATIVES 

OR OTHER FA.OTS WHICH SHOULD BE RECORDED. 



C:'-^/^ 




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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS • 



021 392 



96 4 



